维特根斯坦与奎因:兼容而不对立的两种哲学

维特根斯坦和奎因都鄙视形而上学的和认识论的思辨,并且都花大力气批评传统的哲学概念和理论。但是他们在此批评之后继续从事哲学的路径是不同的。维特根斯坦把哲学等同于对传统哲学思维的批判,并且仅此而已。奎因则通过把哲学问题重塑为科学问题来尽其所能地挽救以往的哲学,并且对他重塑之后的问题做出回答。与人们对维特根斯坦和奎因的通常看法相反,我认为他们从事的哲学研究是互补的、并不是不兼容的。他们只是在表面上看是对立的;而实际上赞同其一方并不意味着拒绝另一方。     

Borderline personality disorder features predict negative outcomes 2 years later

In a sample of 351 young adults, the authors assessed whether borderline personality disorder (BPD) features prospectively predicted negative outcomes (poorer academic achievement and social maladjustment) over the subsequent 2 years, over and above gender and both Axis I and Axis II psychopathology. Borderline traits were significantly related to these outcomes, with impulsivity and affective instability the most highly associated. The present findings suggest that the impulsivity and affective instability associated with BPD leads to impairment in relating well with others, in meeting social role obligations, and in academic or occupational achievement. Therefore, these may be especially important features to target in interventions for BPD.     

И.М.谢切诺夫为心理过程的唯物主义研究而斗争

自然科学唯物主义的最伟大的代表、俄国生理学之父伊万·米哈依洛维奇·谢切诺夫((?))的活动,以及他在解决最困难的心理过程本质问题中反对唯心主义的那种理论工作的战斗精神,均在我国唯物主义哲学发展的漫长道路上占有极特殊的地位。可以毫不夸张的说,自18世纪末叶以来,卓越的俄国唯物主义哲学家们在与各种唯心主义观点的尖锐斗争中,提出了有关心理过程本质的彻底唯物主义的学说,并为它奠定了基础。在他们的著作中,浸透了与各种唯心主义及形而上学的观点、体系作不调和的斗争的战斗精神;他们的著作建立了祖国的唯物主义生理学的优良传统。这种传统在最伟大的生理学思想家——谢切诺夫和巴     

唯物辯証法是革命实踐的理論(根据马克思的著作写成)

这篇文章发表在苏联《哲学问题》杂志今年第九期上。作者主要是根据马克思早期著作(《德意志意识形态》、《神圣家族》和《马克思早期著作选》中某些文章)并使用马克思早期用过的术语写成这篇文章的。作者认为,人们一般对于把辩证法定义为认识论和逻辑注意较多,而对于把辩证法定义为人的实践活动的理论则注意较少,所以他们就来专门讨论后面这个定义。作者企图给马克思主义的唯物辩证法涂上资产阶级的人道主义、人性论的色彩,抹煞它的阶级性质。作者把马克思说成“既是人道主义者,同时又是现实主义者”,把唯物辩证法说成是“关于把自然世界改造成人的世界的科学,是把人的世界本身革命改造成人道的世界、把人提到‘人的高度’(马克思语)的学说”,是“关于人及其活动的学说”(这并且是马克思主义哲学的“心脏和中心”),“是关于把自然改变为人化自然的学说”,是“自由的人的活动的理论”。他们避而不谈人的阶级性,却说什么:“马克思认为对于生活和科学只有一个基础——社会地发展着的人的本性”,还说:“在渗透着积极人道主义内容的无产阶级的活动中,人得到了恢复”;“共产主义革命是原则高度的实践”,它把社会提升到“人的高度”;马克思主义理论是革命的批判的,这个哲学“变成批判的革命的思想和对实践的批判意识”;马克思曾把“‘亵凟’哲学的任务同革命改造世界联系起来。在这一过程中,现实提高到哲学水平,而哲学则提高到现实水平”。     

Understanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions

People reliably and automatically make personality inferences from facial appearance despite little evidence for their accuracy. Although such inferences are highly inter-correlated, research has traditionally focused on studying specific traits such as trustworthiness. We advocate an alternative, data-driven approach to identify and model the structure of face evaluation. Initial findings indicate that specific trait inferences can be represented within a 2D space defined by valence/trustworthiness and power/dominance evaluation of faces. Inferences along these dimensions are based on similarity to expressions signaling approach or avoidance behavior and features signaling physical strength, respectively, indicating that trait inferences from faces originate in functionally adaptive mechanisms. We conclude with a discussion of the potential role of the amygdala in face evaluation.     

胡塞尔与现代资产阶级哲学

对现代资产阶级哲学进行批判分析的透彻的研究,不能仅限于指出十九和二十世纪各种资产阶级哲学派别的思想性质。无庸置疑,确定这种阶级性质是对资产阶级哲学派别进行历史唯物主义分析的一个重要方面,因为从哲学上阐述的资产阶级世界观的思想性质归根结底是由资产阶级社会基础的客观社会过程决定的。从这种基础出发,也可以对哲学世界观与其他形式的社会意识(艺术、政治、宗教等)的普遍联系进行科学的解释和探索。但是我们不能忽视,我们只有同时也研究哲学认识发展的特殊机制,把哲学理解为特殊的精神现象,揭示哲     

哲学和元哲学

在我们这个信息(包括科学信息)爆炸已成为规律的时代,作为哲学知识观念组成部分的各个概念的命运,是千差万别的。在这些概念中,有一些有充分根据列为哲学的范畴手段,另一些则由于不能经受时间、哲学实践和方法论实践的考验,会丧失哲学意义,并会像它们引进来的时候那样轻而易举地从哲学概念体系中消失。在今天哲学的各种新概念中,“元哲学”这个概念占有特殊的地位。这种特殊性,是由某些哲学家赋予“元哲学”对于未来哲学知识所起的作用决定的。不错,那些强烈要求引进元哲学概念的作者们思想上还没有统一,虽然美国出版以《元哲学》命名的专门杂志已经十五年了。还不止是杂志,可以举出许多书,它们的书名中就有《元哲学》这     

Effects of prime task on affective priming by facial expressions of emotion

Priming of affective word evaluation by pictures of faces showing positive and negative emotional expressions was investigated in two experiments that used a double task procedure where participants were asked to respond to the prime or to the target on different trials. The experiments varied between-subjects the prime task assignment and the prime-target interval (SOA, stimulus onset asynchrony). Significant congruency effects (that is, faster word evaluation when prime and target had the same valence than when they were of opposite valence) were observed in both experiments. When the prime task oriented the subjects to an affectively irrelevant property of the faces (their gender), priming was observed at SOA 300 ms but not at SOA 1000 ms (Experiment 1). However, when the prime task assignment explicitly oriented the subjects to the valence of the face, priming was observed at both SOA durations (Experiment 2). These results show, first, that affective priming by pictures of facial emotion can be obtained even when the subject has an explicit goal to process a non-affective property of the prime. Second, sensitivity of the priming effect to SOA duration seems to depend on whether it is mediated by intentional or unintentional activation of the valence of the face prime.     

Anxiety-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions

High- and low-trait socially anxious individuals classified the emotional expressions of photographic quality continua of interpolated ("morphed") facial images that were derived from combining 6 basic prototype emotional expressions to various degrees, with the 2 adjacent emotions arranged in an emotion hexagon. When fear was 1 of the 2 component emotions, the high-trait group displayed enhanced sensitivity for fear. In a 2nd experiment where a mood manipulation was incorporated, again, the high-trait group exhibited enhanced sensitivity for fear. The low-trait group was sensitive for happiness in the control condition. The mood-manipulated group had increased sensitivity for anger expressions, and trait anxiety did not moderate these effects. Interpretations of the results related to the classification of fearful expressions are discussed.     

再论海德格尔与老子

马丁·海德格尔逝世于1976年5月26日,享年86岁.第二年,题为《回忆马丁·海德格尔》的文集问世,由海德格尔著作临时出版人京特·纳斯克(Günther Neske)的出版社推出.此文集收入了海德格尔过去的学生、朋友和熟人们写的富于启发性的回忆文章.