具攻击性而被排斥儿童所关心的事情

近来有关同伴排斥行为基础的研究,强调把攻击性作为决定儿童在同伴团体中地位低下的一个因素.被排斥儿童有许多子群,除攻击性被研究过外,其它子群还没有得到研究.本文将讨论一个在中学进行的研究.它把被排斥的学生分成两组:一组为高攻击性组,另一组为易被驱使组.在研究中,我们使用了由Asher、Hymel和Renshaw(1984)发展起来的测量孤独和社会不满(Social dissatisfaction)的方法.     

伦理学教学与道德选择

在历史上,伦理学以什么途径和渠道对人们的道德产生过影响?在当今条件下,它还可能继续产生影响吗? 提出这个问题的本身就为在伦理学与其研究对象的相互作用上区分“现存的东西”和“应有的东西”的必要性奠定了基础。由于这种区分具有具体历史的制约性,所以它不仅取决于伦理或道德方面的可能和需要,而且更加取决于理论的完备,即不是简单地追随着精神生活,而是要“超前反映”人类的精神生活,从而使伦理道德理论成了“宁静日常生活的干涉者”,积极参与着对道德生活进程的指导。     

公正:变化中的美德观念

有两种互不相容的公正观念:一是通过说明怎样根据各人所挣之物赋予其权利和赋予哪些权利来解释公正概念;一是通过说明根据各人的基本需要及其满足方法而确立的平等权利来解释公正概念。 分析道德哲学家R·诺齐克和J·罗尔斯对上述基于合法所得权利和基本需要这两种主张在理论上作出表述: 罗尔斯认为,在规定任何社会制度下对利益的公正分配时都将依据下述两条原则和一条规     

理解拉丁美洲哲学的途径——关于文化同一性形成的反思

对那些不清楚拉丁美洲思想特殊发展的人来说,拉丁美洲哲学是否存在是他们要提出的第一个问题:“存在拉美哲学这种东西吗?”或者“所指的拉美哲学是什么意思?”产生这些问题,是因为哲学一般地讲并不限定是属于哪种民族和文化的。即使用这样限定的话,一般也不是我们在这里所说的,即“拉丁美洲”,这种限定。哲学一般认为是仅     

人道主义伦理学与理性

1.问题在最近几个世纪中,一种自豪和乐观的精神使西方文化闻名于世:对作为人理解和驾驭自然界的手段的理性的自豪;对实现人类最渴求的希望即为最大多数人取得最大幸福的乐观。人的自豪是有道理的。他凭借着理性创造出一个物质世界,其现实甚至胜过了各种神话故事和乌托邦的梦想与幻想。他利用了各种物质能力,它们将使人类能保证获得有尊严和生产性的存在所必不可少的物质条件,尽管他的许多目的还未达到,但几乎毫无问题,这些目的是能够达到的。生产的问题(这是个老问题)原则上解决了。现在,人在他的历史上第一次能够感觉到,人类统一和为人而征服自然的思想不再是一种梦幻,而是一种现实的可能性。难道他没有理由感到自豪,自信并对人类的将来充满信心吗?     

“人”的概念

“人”的概念是西方哲学中的最中心概念之一,但是毫无疑问,它并不是一个人们具有统一意见并且得到明确定义的对象。这个概念的出现乃是由于人(不论是个人还是人类这一物种)的一种需要:把他们自己理解为一种特殊的和与众不同的东西。并且,这种不同的性质既是形而上学的又是伦理学的。关于人格(personhood)的形而上学的问题乃是何种特质和属性从本质上把人同所有其他类型的实体区分开来的问题;伦理学的问题乃是人的何种东西使得他们既具有道德价值(因此不应该以某些方式对待他们)又具有道德责任(因此对他们的行动能合理地进行褒、贬、奖、罚)的问题。人的形而上学的概念同伦理学概念之间的关系并不总是清楚的:它们是否是相同的概念、相同的实体概念、抑或一个是另一个的充分必要     

先验指号学与第一哲学的范式

本文旨在证明,先验指号学可以理解为第一哲学的一种新范式,就是说,可以理解为语言分析范式的完成。语言分析范式作为第一哲学的第三种范式是继承前两种范式的,即亚里士多德意义上的本体论或形而上学,以及康德意义上(或从笛卡儿到胡塞尔的近代哲学的更广泛意义上)的关于意识的先验哲学。在我看来,新的范式可以“扬弃”(在黑格尔意义上)以前的两种范式。     

Effects of reinforcer delays on choice as a function of income level

Three rats earned their daily food ration by responding during individual trials either on a lever that delivered one food pellet immediately or on a second lever that delivered three pellets after a delay that was continuously adjusted to ensure substantial responding to both alternatives. Choice of the delayed reinforcer increased when the number of trials per session was reduced. This result suggests that models seeking closure on choice effects must include a parameter reflecting how preference changes with sessionwide income. Moreover, models positing that reinforcer probability and immediacy (1/delay) function equivalently in choice are called into question by the finding that probability and immediacy produce opposing effects when income level is changed.     

Cultural practices of Hispanics: implications for the prevention of AIDS

Hispanic Americans have one of the highest rates of HIV seroprevalence among all ethnics groups in the US, with high rates being especially noticeable among women and children. Were it known which cultural factors have the most influence on whether Hispanics engage in high-risk behavior for HIV transmission, prevention interventions could be targeted accordingly. To that end, this study was mounted to identify which Hispanic cultural factors relate to condom use. 117 males and 73 females aged 17-56 years of mean age 25.67 were surveyed in Washoe county, Nevada. These mostly young adults had recently immigrated to the western US. It was initially posited that fate orientation, male- female relationships, family relationships, machismo behavior, and religion would have equal influence with respect to condom use. Analysis found that condom use was largely associated with and determined by men who are the principal buyers of condoms. A machismo attitude toward protecting women by using condoms was also associated with condom use. Neither fate orientation with respect to AIDS, nor religion were important determinants of condom use, even though 86.5% of the respondents were Catholic. The degree to which respondents adhered to traditional Hispanic cultural values was influenced by the degree of education and acculturation. On the basis of these findings, the authors suggest targeting AIDS prevention messages to males, while emphasizing the protection of women through condom use. They also suggest that both education and acculturation levels be assessed before implementing prevention programs.