毛泽东的典型思想及其方法论意义

典型思想和典型方法在毛泽东的方法论思想体系中占有十分重要的地位。作为一个本体论范畴,典型必须具备三个相互关联的规定性:特殊性、代表性和超越性。毛泽东的典型思想和典型方法是他的矛盾学说作为基础的。     

春秋战国时期齐国军事理论发展的两个侧面

齐鲁是我国古代军事理论的发祥地之一。齐自吕尚始,谈兵论战,谋略治国成为它的国粹。战国时的燕将乐毅曾评论当时的齐国:“夫齐,霸国之余教,而聚胜之遗事也。闲于甲兵,习于攻战。”(《战国策·乐毅报燕王书》)在重强,重力,重兵,以尚武为传统的国度,出现《孙子兵法》和《管子》这样的谈兵论战的著作绝不是偶然的。管仲曾作为齐桓公军事战略“措仪划制”的关键人物,随齐桓公或独自率师东伐西讨,南征北战。长期的征战     

马克思的世界历史理论研究述评

如何理解马克思的世界历史理论,这是在探讨马克思的东方社会理论中引发出来的一个重要问题。应该说,对这一理论的研究具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。其中的底蕴在于,如何完整准确地把握马克思的社会发展理论,以及如何超越传统的西方式的现代化模式,寻找一条适合本民族发展的现代化道路。     

传统的挽歌及其误区——从列文森的《儒教中国及其现代命运》谈起

在西方学者研究中国思想史的著作中,大约很少有哪一部著作的影响能与美国加州大学教授列文森(Joseph R.levenson)写作的《儒教中国及其现代命运》相比.该书可以说集中体现了本世纪60年代以前西方学者研究中国学术思想史的一种占支配地位的思想观念.60年代末期以来,书中的观念遇到了越来越严峻的挑战,于是,列文森的名字又频繁地出现在批评者的文章著作中.儒学第三期发展的倡导者杜维明,就一而再、再而三地提及列文森和他的著作.     

人的宇宙原理的提出和发展

近二十多年来,宇宙学中的“人的宇宙原理”(“Anthropic Principle”,或译为“人择原理”)在国际学术界引起了广泛的兴趣.就这样一个专门学科中的尚待证实的普遍原理,已经出版了若干本研究专著,在各种不同的学科领域的杂志上发表了数以百计的、探讨其内容、意义或历史渊源等方面的文章,一些学术会议也以此作为中心议题,讨论远远超出了宇宙学的范围,从物理学、生物学、天文学、哲学、科学史、文化史乃至宗教神学等不同角度,对之进行了多方面、多层次的分析研究,各种意见、看法分歧之巨大、争论之激烈,在近年来学术界中还是少见的.有人认为,可以把它“扩展成为人天观”,“作为从现代科学技术一个新的大部门、人体科学,到马克思主义哲学的桥梁”,不少专门研究人的宇宙原理的学者认为:这个原理“在科学中应用的现实效力”“足够高”,“如果它没能解决由物理学和宇宙学的进展所提出的问题的话,那么,至少可认为它有助于这些问题的解决,等等.     

全国汉语系佛教教育工作座谈会大会发言摘要

妙湛法师(厦门南普陀寺方丈、闽南佛学院院长) 我们这次能在上海开佛教教育工作会议,可以说是一次很好的转机。这次会议关系到我们今后的僧教育,关系到佛法的前途。我认为,从1980年在北京开会以来,这次会是最好的一次,可以说是谈到我们佛教的根本问题上来了。这几天大家讨论的办学的方针,认识可以说都是一致的,希望在今后的行动上也是一致的,行动上一致才能解决问题。我们朴老已80多岁的高龄,还在为佛教事业呕心沥血,我们诸山长老、大     

文恩图的不足和改进设想

直言命题的图解问题,是逻辑教学中的一个重要问题,也是一个亟需进一步加以探讨的问题。唐晓嘉同志在《论逻辑教学中文恩图替代欧拉图的必要性》(载《逻辑与语言学习》,一九九○年第六期。)一文中,比较了用欧拉图与文恩图解释A、E、I、O四种形式的传统直言命题的优劣,提出并论证了在逻辑教学中用文恩图替代欧拉图的必要性。我们认为,这些意见是很可贵的、富有启发性的。同时认为,文恩图虽然克服了欧拉图图式与命题不一一对称的缺陷,但它也存在着不能     

Psychology ethics down under: a survey of student subject pools in Australia

A survey of the 37 psychology departments offering courses accredited by the Australian Psychological Society yielded a 92% response rate. Sixty-eight percent of departments employed students as research subjects, with larger departments being more likely to do so. Most of these departments drew their student subject pools from introductory courses. Student research participation was strictly voluntary in 57% of these departments, whereas 43% of the departments have failed to comply with normally accepted ethical standards. It is of great concern that institutional ethics committees apparently continue to condone, or fail to act against, unethical research practices. Although these committees have a duty of care to all subjects, the final responsibility for conducting research in an ethical manner lies with the individual researcher.     

Case vignette: premature surrender

Three commentaries are offered on the following case: George, age 57, is a previously healthy man who recently underwent surgery for removal of a low-grade malignant thymoma. At the time of admission to the hospital, George stressed to the staff that he had long ago signed a "living will," which he renewed immediately after he learned of his cancer diagnosis. At the time of surgery, the tumor was found to extend into his mediastinum; although it was removable, this required revision of part of the sternum and grafting of the vessels feeding the heart chambers. Because of the resultant tissue damage and neuronal hyperactivity, George experienced postoperative episodes of cardiac arrhythmia and bronchospasm. Unanimous medical opinion was that this situation was a temporary problem that would resolve itself as the tissues healed. Until that time, however, it will be difficult to wean him from ventilatory support. When his stay in the intensive care unit became prolonged, George and his family began to insist that his status be changed to "do not resuscitate" and reminded the staff about his longstanding living will. All of this is happening despite the fact that the patient and family seemingly comprehend that although the short-term interventions are invasive, there is a high probability of a successful outcome. George's cancer prognosis is excellent, and, although he may well have an episode of life-threatening arrhythmia, he is likely to respond to resuscitation interventions. Once the immediate postoperative period is over, his potential for a long and productive life with full capacities is excellent. Consider the following questions: (a) Should George's expressed wishes be respected, or should the staff take additional steps to help him survive the postoperative period, even if that means violating his stated wishes? and (b) What steps might the staff follow in sorting through this problem?