Behavioral contrast in one component of a multiple schedule as a function of the reinforcement conditions operating in the following component

The key pecks of four pigeons were reinforced on a variable-interval 5-min schedule which operated in each of the four components of a multiple schedule, indicated by red, green, yellow, and blue stimuli and presented in such an order that the red stimulus always preceded the yellow and the green stimulus always preceded the blue. After establishing baseline rates, the reinforcement schedule associated with the blue and yellow components was altered so that one was now an extinction schedule and the other was a variable-interval 1-min schedule. In a second experimental stage, the blue stimulus was interchanged with the yellow so that the red stimulus preceded the blue and the green stimulus preceded the yellow. In both experimental stages the response rate in the variable-interval 5-min component that preceded the extinction component was higher than the response rate in the variable-interval 5-min component that preceded the variable-interval 1-min component. The results were discussed in relation to the importance of stimulus ordering in experiments concerned with investigating behavioral contrast.     

Variability of response location for pigeons responding under continuous reinforcement, intermittent reinforcement, and extinction

The effect of several reinforcement schedules on the variability in topography of a pigeon's key-peck response was determined. The measure of topography was the location of a key peck within a 10-in. wide by 0.75-in. high response key. Food reinforcement was presented from a magazine located below the center of the response key. Variability in response locus decreased to a low value during training in which each response produced reinforcement. Variability increased when fixed intervals, variable intervals, random intervals, or extinction were scheduled.     

Escape and avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key

Pigeons had been trained to peck a key when each peck removed a slowly increasing series of electric shocks. Without loss of the established key-pecking response, the birds were gradually weaned from this procedure to one where intense shocks were presented suddenly, duplicating features that had proved ineffective for initial shaping of the response. Finally, a procedure was introduced in which key pecks could avoid shock. Avoidance responding was maintained in two of three pigeons.     

Stimulus control in the goldfish after massed extinction

Compared with the data of goldfish trained only with stimuli correlated with reinforcement, interspersed reinforcement-stimulus and extinction-stimulus trials resulted in sharper stimulus control and a marked reduction in the percentage of key-presses emitted in the presence of stimuli located near the extinction stimulus on the test dimension. If non-reinforced trials were not interspersed with reinforced trials, there was no sharpening of stimulus control and less reduction in key presses in the presence of stimuli near the extinction stimulus on the test dimension.     

在速示条件下儿童辨認汉字字形的試探性研究——Ⅲ.中枢因素对字形辨认的影响

問題 普通心理学中談到的知觉的几个主要特性,在不同程度上都参与着中枢的、主观因素的作用。在現存的知觉心理学諸学派中,有两个各走极端的学派,一个是格式塔学派,他們基本否定了經驗、学习在图形知觉中的作用。这可以哥德沙尔德(K.Gottschaldt)的早期工作为代表。另一极端是有意无意之間过分地強調主观因素的作用,把图形知觉     

双眼輻合对大小-距离判断的影响

問題 关于大小与距离知觉的相互关系問題,近年来有不少研究。继郝尔威和波林(A.H.Holway and E.G.Boring)关于大小知觉恆常性的著名研究之后,勃朗斯威克(E.Brunswik)、吉伯逊(J.J.Gibson)、吉林斯基(A.S.Gilinsky)等人,对此問題进行了大量研究。他们在很大范围应用并发展了a=A/D(网膜視象大小=知觉大小/知觉距离)这一公式,尝試以数学函数說明知觉大小与知觉距离之間的关系。海諾曼和納赫麦斯(E.G.Heinemannand J.Nachmias)根据控制眼球运动調节的研究,提出大小知觉恆常性并不依賴于距     

艺术审美尺度的超验问题质疑 H—G 卡达穆尔《真实性和方法·哲学诠释学纲要》——第一部分:对于艺术经验的真实性问题的阐述

卡达穆尔的《真实性和方法》一书是用以论证一种“哲学诠释学”的,它的第一部分在方法论上是其他一切部分的基础,涉及审美尺度的超验问题,并在这个基础上设想出一种艺术作品的本体论。如果我们要对这部广博的、内容丰富的著作加以批判,我们首先就必须讨论它的第一部分。