不能把支持群众运动作为无产阶级革命家的根本标志

长期以来,特别是一九五九年以来,在我国政治生活中流行着这样一种观点:认为对待群众运动的态度问题,是划分无产阶级革命家与资产阶级革命家的根本标志。不论何时何地,也不论在什么部门,从事什么工作,都要毫无例外地大搞群众运动。我们认为这个根本标志很值得研究。坚持这个标准的理由之一,是把一切群众运动都说成是革命的、合理的,马克思主义者只能站在前头去领导它,不应该站在旁边指手划脚地评头品足,更不可站在对面去     

真之结构和内容(续)

让我们考虑把内容赋予一个真之理论这个计划。塔斯基的定义通常是通过几步达到的。首先,有一个关于对象语言中的句子是什么的定义,然后,有一个对一种满足关系的特征(满足是所指的一种高度概括的说法)的递归说明;对满足的特征的递归说明转变成一种弗雷格和戴德金式的明确定义;然后基于句子和满足的概念定义真。我们现在放弃把对满足的特征的递归说明转变为一种定义这一步,从而说明我们现在把真和满足这两个谓词看作是初始的东西。     

俄国哲学的本质和主题

当我们谈到“俄国哲学”时,我们必须首先更确切地界定“哲学”通常意味着什么,以及这个概念在什么意义上被使用。当然,“哲学”——或者勿宁说,以通常的具有学派倾向的、系统的形式出现的哲学著作(在西方,这是哲学的标准表现方式)在俄国存在过并存在着。     

高血压发病的心理——社会因素

本文以大量的实验结果和流行病学资料为依据,从三个不同侧面探讨了高血压发病的心理-社会因素。本文所提“心理-社会”因素一词含义广泛,它既包含有个人及社会的压力和失调,也包括不直接导致组织损伤的、各种形式的环境刺激。讨论的中心是,无论实验室的研究资料或是临床实践,都充分证明行为和情感因素,对诱发某些特异体质的人发病及发生病理改变,导致功能障碍的全过程均有影响。从而提醒我们不可忽视心理-社会因素在高血压病的发生、发展过程中的作用。     

试论飞行指挥员的能力结构

本文对这一课题的研究方法提出主要的三个方面即是:一、自我体验法。笔者是飞行二十多年的飞行员,也曾参加过一些组织指挥工作,目前仍在飞行,对飞行的组织指挥有一点亲身体验。二、调查法。笔者采用问答、访谈等方法先后对300多名飞行员、200多名飞行学员和近100名指挥员进行了心理调查。三、观察法。笔者长期在飞行活动第一线有目的、有计划地对30余名新老指挥员进行实际观察。采用上述方法获得了一些可靠的资料,现用心理学的分析方法对指挥员的能力结构问题从三方面谈些看法。     

Distributed planning of movement sequences

Three experiments are reported that examine whether fast finger-tapping sequences are entirely planned before execution starts (advance planning), or if they can be started while planning is still under way (distributed planning). Subjects performed finger tapping sequences of three to eight taps at a high rate, under both simple and 2-choice reaction time (RT) conditions. The sequences differed in the location of an accentuated element within them. The RT to choose between sequences with different accent locations progressively decreased as an inverse function of the time-distance between the initial tap and the first point at which the alternative sequences differed. The shortening in choice reaction time (CRT) was never accompanied by noticeable changes in the inter-response times or force patterns of the tapping sequences. The RT to initiate sequences with accent location known beforehand (SRT condition) showed, in two of three experiments, a weak decreasing trend as the accentuated tap shifted away from the beginning of the sequence. The SRT results suggest a possible predominance of advance planning when the same sequence is repeated over a series of trials. The CRT results are taken as evidence that planning of the sequence beyond the unpredictable tap could be distributed before and after sequence initiation. Several factors are discussed that may influence the balance between planning in advance of, and planning in parallel with, sequence execution.     

Role of visual information in ball catching

The present study is concerned with the perceptual information about the body and space underlying the act of catching a ball. In a series of four experiments, subjects were asked to catch a luminous ball under various visual conditions. In general, catching in a normally illuminated room was contrasted with catching the luminous ball in an otherwise completely dark room. In the third and fourth experiments, intermediate conditions of visual information were included. The results suggest that it is possible to catch a ball with one hand when only the ball is visible, but performance is better when the subject has the benefit of a rich visual environment and two hands. The second experiment indicated that subject performance does improve with practice in the dark, but time spent in the darkened room itself doesn't result in a significant decrement in performance. Results of the third study suggest that vision of one's hand does not aid in the performance of this task whereas the presence of a minimal visual frame appears to aid performance. The final study examined the relation between catching performance and body sway under similar visual conditions. Results of this experiment imply that persons who exhibit relatively little postural sway in full-room lighting performed better at this catching task.