Moving faces, looking places: validation of the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES)

We report two studies validating a new standardized set of filmed emotion expressions, the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES). The ADFES is distinct from existing datasets in that it includes a face-forward version and two different head-turning versions (faces turning toward and away from viewers), North-European as well as Mediterranean models (male and female), and nine discrete emotions (joy, anger, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust, contempt, pride, and embarrassment). Study 1 showed that the ADFES received excellent recognition scores. Recognition was affected by social categorization of the model: displays of North-European models were better recognized by Dutch participants, suggesting an ingroup advantage. Head-turning did not affect recognition accuracy. Study 2 showed that participants more strongly perceived themselves to be the cause of the other's emotion when the model's face turned toward the respondents. The ADFES provides new avenues for research on emotion expression and is available for researchers upon request.     

Contextual conditioning in rats as an animal model for generalized anxiety disorder

Animal models of psychiatric disorders are important translational tools for exploring new treatment options and gaining more insight into the disease. Thus far, there is no systematically validated animal model for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a severely impairing and difficult-to-treat disease. In this review, we propose contextual conditioning (CC) as an animal model for GAD. We argue that this model has sufficient face validity (there are several symptom similarities), predictive validity (it responds to clinically effective treatments), and construct validity (the underlying mechanisms are comparable). Although the refinement and validation of an animal model is a never-ending process, we want to give a concise overview of the currently available evidence. We suggest that the CC model might be a valuable preclinical tool to enhance the development of new treatment strategies and our understanding of GAD.     

Attitudes held by members of the clergy about alcohol

Alcohol, tobacco and other drug abuse continue to cause major threats to the physiological, psychological, sociological and spiritual health of the nation. According to recent statistics, over 80% of the illegal drugs used by youth, both male and female, is marijuana, with cocaine, opium and their derivatives comprising at least 15% of the drugs used by youth. When considering the ill effects of drug abuse, it is the legal one, alcohol that is responsible for the greatest impact on society. While it remains imperative that allied health professionals understand the many ramifications of substance abuse, it is also critical that leaders of faith communities have the knowledge and skills to meet this challenge competently. Due to the relevance of ministries as a possible resource, the focus of this exploratory study is to assess the knowledge, skills and attitudes of clergy about substance use and abuse and to determine their confidence of clergy in assisting their congregation with need related to this area.     

Why do you play? The development of the motives for online gaming questionnaire (MOGQ)

Although the majority of research focuses on the risks and disadvantages of online gaming, the present authors suggest that online games also represent new ways of satisfying basic human needs within the conditions of modern society. The aim of our present study was to reveal and operationalize the components of the motivational basis of online gaming. A total 3,818 persons (90.6% males; mean age 20.9 years, SD = 5.81) were recruited through websites providing online games. A combined method of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was applied. The results confirmed our preliminary model as we identified seven motivational factors (social, escape, competition, coping, skill development, fantasy, and recreation), which were used to develop the 27-item Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ). The seven dimensions identified seem to cover the full range of possible motives for gaming, and the MOGQ proved to be an adequate measurement tool to assess these motives.     

The semantic organization of the animal category: evidence from semantic verbal fluency and network theory

Semantic memory is the subsystem of human memory that stores knowledge of concepts or meanings, as opposed to life-specific experiences. How humans organize semantic information remains poorly understood. In an effort to better understand this issue, we conducted a verbal fluency experiment on 200 participants with the aim of inferring and representing the conceptual storage structure of the natural category of animals as a network. This was done by formulating a statistical framework for co-occurring concepts that aims to infer significant concept-concept associations and represent them as a graph. The resulting network was analyzed and enriched by means of a missing links recovery criterion based on modularity. Both network models were compared to a thresholded co-occurrence approach. They were evaluated using a random subset of verbal fluency tests and comparing the network outcomes (linked pairs are clustering transitions and disconnected pairs are switching transitions) to the outcomes of two expert human raters. Results show that the network models proposed in this study overcome a thresholded co-occurrence approach, and their outcomes are in high agreement with human evaluations. Finally, the interplay between conceptual structure and retrieval mechanisms is discussed.     

功利主义的问题:真正的和所谓的

功利主义哲学在当代哲学和实践领域中占有非常重要的地位,而规则功利主义是功利主义哲学中最古老也最有吸引力的形式.规则功利主义认为正确的行为是被道德准则所允许的,这种道德准则对行为者所处的社会来说是最优的.虽然这种规则功利主义可能会在确定如何接受一种道德规范、功利本身的内涵是什么、以及它的道德规范可以为我们的行为提供什么样的指导等方面都存在着一些难题,但是,这并不能驳倒规则功利主义,规则功利主义可以基于其自身的理论资源为我们的行为提供一种合理的道德规范,并且可以为经济平等和惩罚正义等社会问题提供有力的支持.     

出于理由而行动

实践理由是由心理状态还是心理状态所回应的事实（即所谓的成善属性）所提供的,这个争论在很大程度上是由于我们给出理由的日常实践的含混所造成的。亚里士多德与康德的行动论说则向我们表明,这种含混是忽略了理由在本质上具有自反结构,也就是说,它不仅仅是对于成善属性的回应,同时还意识到对于这种成善属性的回应是恰当的。一旦把提了理由的这两个特征,我们就可以区分行为与行动,后者是为了某个目而实施某个行为,既包合行为,也包含目的。由此,选择的对象与道德价值的承担者均应是行动,而不是行为。不仅如此。理由与行动相关的方式与目的和行为相关的方式是不一样的,行动的实践理由不是外在于、后于或分离于行动的因素,理由的描述与行动的说明是同一回事。     

实用主义对我来说意味着什么：十条原则

实用主义是一种复杂的传统,它的代表人物都极力维护他们各自不同的观点在哲学上的地位。本文列出的实用主义十个基本原则是实用主义哲学的本质所在,而且其中的大多数一直是实用主义运动所关注的。这十个原则即：（1）实在的本性是变动的、开放的和偶然的;（2）思想理论领域的人类行动、实践和意愿的优先性;（3）非还原的、具身性的自然主义;（4）与二元论及确定性研究截然相对的反笛卡尔主义;（5）作为知识获得和意义生成之必要条件的共同体;（6）确认经验和实验在认识中（如同在人类其他活动领域中）作用的经验主义立场;（7）强调面向未来的前瞻性;（8）对实践和理论的改良态度;（9）强调整体性而非二元论的整体论思想;（10）强调实践、价值、意义等的多样性的多元论主张。