复仇

尔沃德的娘正在廚房里做胡桃杏仁点心饀兒,口里还低声哼着一支流行曲子,心里突然感到一种沈重的憂虑,她于是止住口里哼着的曲子,撩起衣角擦了擦手,走到院子里,在院里恐惧不安地轉来转去,不知怎样才好。院子里很靜,只有穿过庭心的一条淺水溝里發出微弱的流水声。这更使尔沃德的娘感到寂寞,感到需要有个人在身旁,像邻家的哈米德娘或是别的要好的姐妹們,她們每次来串门,閑扯一陣,或者说些故事,都会給尔沃德的娘帶来慰籍。尔沃德的娘既恐惧又寂寞,一个人在院子里直打轉兒,不知怎样才好。后来听到街門的鎖眼里有鑰匙轉动的声音,接着瞧見自己的丈夫——尔沃德     

论错觉的逻辑

对于有关常识和诸如“理性”、“真理”和“实在”这样的哲学思想的主要范畴来说,错觉是一种异乎寻常的检验案例。我的目标是,通过与弗洛伊德的遗产和20世纪最引人注目的精神病学研究成果进行某种交锋,分析这种错觉所具有的各种富有悖论色彩的形式,从而阐明构成了它那些特定的时间化、概念化和论证样态之基础,并且为这些样态确定方向的逻辑。就英语而言,人们也许是在“幻觉”的意义上使用delusion(错觉)这个术语的,不过,它也可以被用来表示我们在罗曼诸语言之中称之为“delirio”或者“d啨lire”(这两个外来语在这里均指“迷狂”之意,前者是…     

9.11乌托邦:为一个新世界辩护

“再过10年左右———这很短,托马斯·莫尔的《乌托邦或最佳形式政府论》(1516年)的源源不断的诠释者们,[1]将庆祝它诞生500周年———这很长。”这个文本所流淌出的墨迹,也许就像罗尔沙赫氏测试那样,使我们可以投射我们的思绪、幻想、美梦或者希望,遐想回到已经一去不复返的过去,或者憧憬那歌声飘缈却永远不会来到的黎明。[2]对这种博学论述的大合唱进行补充,显得过于不自量力。根据当代的各种事件来诠释这个文本,纯属狂妄。但笔者要对这两宗主要指控进行认罪辩护,个中缘由不是为了喜欢挑衅———我们承认这样的指控并非是无关紧要,而是为…     

现实主义与乌托邦

不可知的现实 现实问题在于我们认为对它非常了解,而事实上对它完全没有很好地理解.[1]过去,我们的过去,对我们来说似乎绝对清晰,但事实并非如此.如果我们反思通盘考虑起来是我们的过去的20世纪,我们逐渐认识到,作为20世纪主要标志性现象的共产主义和纳粹主义几乎未被给予系统化的思考.     

冯友兰中国哲学“三史”中佛教研究的方法论转向

如何在中国哲学史的框架内理解和诠释中国佛教,胡适与冯友兰用现代学术的方法分别作了佛教“化中国”和佛教“中国化”两种解读。冯友兰历经一生写成的中国哲学“三史”中,对佛教研究在叙事方式上经历了由史论结合、以史为主到史论结合、以论为先而明其学脉,在理论分析上经历了从新实在论等西方哲学到运用马克思主义观点分析中国佛教哲学而得其宗旨。其一以贯之的主线是从揭示中国佛教的本位性到用马克思主义哲学考察中国佛教哲学,这不仅反映了冯先生学术研究的方法论转换,也深刻体现了他的世界观转向。     

UFO和声称的绑架事件调查(二)——真相与误导

上世纪50年代,UFO目击者和加入这个事件的渲染者使事件急剧升温。1950年,弗朗克·斯库利(Frank Scully)发表了一本引起轰动的书,叫《追踪飞碟》。书中声称,一个飞碟坠毁在新墨西哥的阿兹特克东部的偏僻的高原沙漠上,飞碟的直径为99英尺,里面有16个外星人的尸体。斯库利自己并没有看见这个场景,仅仅是听别人说的。2年以后,发现这个故事是个骗局。关于飞碟坠毁的另一个故事也是发生在新墨西哥,地点是位于罗斯威尔西北部的75英里一处空军基地。据猜测,这次坠毁发生在1947年的7月,由此引发了一系列的事件和争论,并延续至今。坠毁是不容争论的,…     

Interference in implicit memory caused by processing of interpolated material

This study addresses the susceptibility of implicit memory to interference. Interference is manipulated by presenting interpolated lists of words that do or do not have word stems in common with previously studied target words (e.g., target word paragraph followed by interpolated words such as paradise or vicinity). Interference in a word stem completion task occurred only when words had similar word stems (Experiment 1). Increasing the number of interpolated words with corresponding word stems (e.g., not only paradise but also parking, pardon, and parliament) produced increasing amounts of interference (Experiment 2). Interference in implicit memory appears to be a simple response competition phenomenon that occurs when cues simultaneously activate primed targets and primed competing responses. The amount of interference can be explained by a quantitative model of the relative strengths of target and competing responses.     

Mathematics of forgiveness

This study was aimed at determining the integration rule--summation or averaging--underlying the forgiveness schema. The main reason for distinguishing between these structures is that they have very different practical implications regarding the influence of various factors specific to each case on the propensity to forgive. In a summative model, the impact of the different factors and the direction of the effects are constant. For example, the presence of apologies always is a positive element even when these apologies assume a very weak form. By contrast, in an averaging model, the apologies can be a positive or a negative element depending on the current level of propensity to forgive and the form of the apologies. Two experiments were conducted using the functional theory of cognition framework. Experiment 1 applied the missing information test. Experiment 2 applied the credibility of information test. In both experiments, clear evidence favored a summative rule for judging willingness to forgive from circumstantial information such as presence or absence of intent, presence of absence of apologies, and degree of cancellation of consequences.     

An adolescent version of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test

Item content of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) was modified to make it more appropriate for young persons. The resulting test was found to have lower internal consistency than the adult MAST, but the elimination of five items with comparatively poor psychometric properties yielded an acceptable alpha coefficient of .73. A unitary factor model for the adolescent MAST was not confirmed; indeed, the revised test appeared to be factorially complex. Recommendations for further revisions are discussed.