现代美国对辩证唯物主义的批判

本文原发表在美国《科学与社会》1965年春季号上。翻译时作了删节,并且略去了一部分注解。在本文中,作者(E.R.J.Primbs,美国俄勒冈州立大学)企图对美国近二十年来反对辩证唯物主义的情况作一些评述。作者认为:现代美国对辩证唯物主义的批判还不如欧洲国家,在国际上没有“崇高的声誉”;已有的这些批判著作和论文都是“非常肤浅的”,而且存在一种倾向——曲解辩证唯物主义,撇开它所产生的历史条件及其主张的意图,把它当作“固定的法则和规则”来批判,而忽视了近来辩证唯物主义的变化。例如,“苏联思想体系在这个时期有重要的变化”,但是胡克、梅约、攸拉姆等人仍然用过去的眼光看现代的辩证唯物主义,把辩证唯物主义的过去的主张强加给现代辩证唯物主义。作者提出了他的看法:一,无论是恩格斯的辩证法三个规律、列宁的辩证法十六个要素还是斯大林的辩证法四个特征,“都不是对辩证唯物主义的正确表述”,都不是“僵硬的、固定的法则和规则”;二、辩证唯物主义是卢卡奇、克劳斯和美国批评家们所说的“一种方法”,“有价值的实用工具”,“进步的、现实的态度和气质”或“后天习惯”;三、马克思和列宁都承认马克思主义普遍原理的局限性,现代“正统派马克思主义者”发展了这个思想;四、斯大林逝世以后,特别是“二十大”以后,“正统派马克思主义”者“经常地随历史事实的变化来修正理论”,例如关于矛盾问题,他们接受克劳斯和沙夫的看法,“抛弃恩格斯的陈腐的或错误的观点”,但是,美国的批评家却不如鲍亨斯基(瑞士)和威特尔(奥地利),看不到“最近几年来苏联学者在哲学讲述方面的引人注目的改进”。作者最后提出用“批判性的评价”和“理智的批判”代替上述美国流行的这种特殊倾向,认为“压制马克思主义也就是压制对它的理智的批判”。在本文中,作者同他所批判的那些人一样歪曲辩证唯物主义。他根据现代修正主义者的观点去曲解关于马克思主义理论不是教条而是行动指南的提法,关于马克思主义普遍真理同各国具体实践相结合的提法。普里姆同他所批判的那些人的不同点是,他特别注意苏联和东欧各国哲学界在近十多年来的变化,根据这种变化,他向人们推荐一种对什马克思主义哲学的新方法——按照卢卡奇、克劳斯、沙夫和苏联修正主义哲学家的观点来“评价”辩证唯物主义。     

关于时间逻辑的研究

作为现代非经典逻辑分支的时间逻辑,是判断的一个公理化逻辑理论,这些判断是用命题表达的,而这些命题的真值将随着时间的推移而发生变化。时间逻辑的产生和形成是逻辑学发展的一个具体典范,它以新的方式丰富了逻辑学。这一对认识的理论方法的创新,是在概括总结全部科学成果和认识经验的基础上产生的,是符合辩证唯物主义的基本观点的。按照列宁的说法,逻辑是“各种科学的经验的总结”。人类社会在探索、实践和革命性地改造周围世界及自身中,从逻辑方法的发展     

Establishing operations

The first two books on behavior analysis (Skinner, 1938; Keller & Schoenfeld, 1950) had chapter-length coverage of motivation. The next generation of texts also had chapters on the topic, but by the late 1960s it was no longer being given much treatment in the behavior-analytic literature. The present failure to deal with the topic leaves a gap in our understanding of operant functional relations. A partial solution is to reintroduce the concept of the establishing operation, defined as an environmental event, operation, or stimulus condition that affects an organism by momentarily altering (a) the reinforcing effectiveness of other events and (b) the frequency of occurrence of that part of the organism's repertoire relevant to those events as consequences. Discriminative and motivative variables can be distinguished as follows: The former are related to the differential availability of an effective form of reinforcement given a particular type of behavior; the latter are related to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of environmental events. An important distinction can also be made between unconditioned establishing operations (UEOs), such as food deprivation and painful stimulation, and conditioned establishing operations (CEOs) that depend on the learning history of the organism. One type of CEO is a stimulus that has simply been paired with a UEO and as a result may take on some of the motivative properties of that UEO. The warning stimulus in avoidance procedures is another important type of CEO referred to as reflexive because it establishes its own termination as a form of reinforcement and evokes the behavior that has accomplished such termination. Another CEO is closely related to the concept of conditional conditioned reinforcement and is referred to as a transitive CEO, because it establishes some other stimulus as a form of effective reinforcement and evokes the behavior that has produced that other stimulus. The multiple control of human behavior is very common, and is often quite complex. An understanding of unlearned and learned establishing operations can contribute to our ability to identify and control the various components of such multiple determination.     

The effects of violence on infants and young children: international perspectives on prevention

People become subject to political and social violence when governments fail to give priority to basic health care or education. Attempts to meet foreign obligations also produce severe economic recessions which further impede efforts to improve the general quality of life of disadvantaged populations. Since multiple factors contribute to violence, a multidisciplinary approach is best suited to address the problem. For example, poverty and its associated risks are linked to violence, but living in poverty does not necessarily engender violence. Living in poverty may, however, fuel high rates of child mortality, illiteracy, malnutrition, excessive population growth, street children, and familial disintegration. An integrated action program was developed in Brazil for at-risk individuals and their families based upon the idea of building and reinforcing family ties and intergenerational togetherness. Undernourished infants, street children, the handicapped, women subjected to violence, and neglected senior citizens received special interventions in the program described in the text.     

中国佛教协会第六届全国代表会议大会发言选刊

各位代表、各位同志: 中国佛教协会是全国各民族、各教派佛教徒共同的爱国组织,是团结、进步的组织。中国佛教协会高举爱国爱教的旗帜,维护信徒的合法权益,贯彻党和国家的宗教信仰自由政策,开展同各国佛教界人士的友好交往,做了大量的工作。在过去的四十年里,佛教界人士同信仰其他宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民同呼吸共命运,为祖国的繁荣富强作出了应有的贡献。     

重建权利和义务的平衡

以往我们过多地强调权利而忽视义务的教育使一些人错误地认为人们只有权利而不必尽义务。第二次世界大战后第二代人的一个代言人曾经提出一种新的、来自责任方面的自由,这种自由是指,人