明代新疆伊斯兰教识微

伊斯兰教最早传入新疆是在十世纪以后的哈喇汗朝(又称黑汗王朝)时期,且仅限于王朝的统治范围内(包括南疆西部各城)。东面只到达喀什噶尔以东不远。迨玉素甫喀的儿汗时,和田地区原来信佛的人改宗伊斯兰教。但从公元1125年新疆落入契丹人建立的西辽政权统治后,尤其是在屈出律统治时期,伊斯兰教遭到了沉重的打击。他处死了和阗地区的伊斯兰教教长阿剌丁,完全禁止伊斯兰教的宗教活动,强制穆斯林     

Report of the AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs: professionalism in the use of social media

Although many physicians have been using the internet for both clinical and social purposes for years, recently concerns have been raised regarding blurred boundaries of the profession as a whole. In both the news media and medical literature, physicians have noted there are unanswered questions in these areas, and that professional self-regulation is needed. This report discusses the ethical implications of physicians' nonclinical use of the internet, including the use of social networking sites, blogs, and other means to post content online. It does not address the clinical use of the internet, such as telemedicine, e-prescribing, online clinical consultations, health-related websites, use of electronic media for clinical collaboration, and e-mailing patients (some of which are already covered in the AMA's Code of Medical Ethics).     

Changing patterns of neuropsychological functioning in children living at high altitude above and below 4000 m: a report from the Bolivian Children Living at Altitude (BoCLA) study

The brain is highly sensitive to environmental hypoxia. Little is known, however, about the neuropsychological effects of high altitude residence in the developing brain. We recently described only minor changes in processing speed in native Bolivian children and adolescents living at approximately 3700 m. However, evidence for loss of cerebral autoregulation above this altitude (4000 m) suggests a potential threshold of hypoxia severity over which neuropsychological functioning may be compromised. We conducted physiological and neuropsychological assessments in 62 Bolivian children and adolescents living at La Paz (～3700 m) and El Alto (～4100 m) in order to address this issue. Groups were equivalent in terms of age, gender, social class, schooling, parental education and genetic admixture. Apart from percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen in arterial blood (%SpO(2)), participants did not differ in their basal cardiac and cerebrovascular performance as explored by heart rate, mean arterial pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and cerebral blood flow velocity at the basilar, anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was administered, including tests of executive functions, attention, memory and psychomotor performance. Participants living at extreme altitude showed lower levels of performance in all executive tests (Cohen effect size = -0.91), whereas all other domains remained unaffected by altitude of residence. These results are compatible with earlier physiological evidence of a transitional zone for cerebral autoregulation at an altitude of 4000 m. We now show that above this threshold, the developing brain is apparently increasingly vulnerable to neuropsychological deficit.     

儿童英语句法学习中内隐学习和外显学习的关系

本文以内隐学习理论为基础,采用强分离程序,分别选取有、无英语学习经验的被试,从句法学习方面探讨了儿童英语学习过程中内隐学习和外显学习的作用及关系,结果表明:(1)单纯的内隐学习方式或单纯的外显学习方式都不利于对句法规则的掌握;(2)两种学习方式的协同效应发挥着重要的作用,先外显学习后内隐学习的学习方式有助于句法规则的掌握;(3)内隐学习、先内隐学习后外显学习的学习方式不适用于较简单句法规则的学习;内隐学习也不适用于难度较高的句法规则的学习。     

在中学生中贯彻八荣八耻的核心与关键——广州市高中生攻击性现状调查与分析

本研究主要运用问卷调查的量化(Quantitativeinvestigation)方法,从攻击性行为、攻击性认知、攻击性情绪三个方面对广州青少年的攻击性状况及相关因素进行了调查研究。结果表明:①当前广州市高中生在攻击性行为表现上,青少年的身体攻击相对较高;在攻击性认知上,报复心理较为强烈;而在攻击性情绪表现上,青少年的冲动性较为突出。②住宿生与走读生的攻击性没有显著差异,在攻击性情绪上,走读生显著高于住宿生,尤其在冲动方面差异显著。③网络游戏类型与身体攻击行为、易怒情绪存在相关。     

婚姻的花树

失去的和没有得到的永远是美丽的,就像浮在水面上的莲花。生活,却永远是有污泥也有莲花的,这是生活中的法则。     

人格研究的现状和展望

本文概括地介绍了人格的研究和理论领域的一般情况。人格研究目前主要关心的课题是与自我、紧张和无助感有关,并开始注意到了情境的作用。研究策略方面重新认识了主观经验材料的重要性,并引进了群集的概念。在人格理论方面主要介绍了特质理论所面临的挑战及其相应的改变,并介绍了人格的信息加工模型。最后展望了这一领域的前景。     

常规与非常规语序举隅

语序指的是词语在句中所处的位置次序。句中所有词语都是循着一定的语序规律组织起来的。语序的改变,往往会产生不同的意思和效果。“好为人师”,是“人之患”,这“师”是名词,指老师。“为人好师”是人的美德,指虚心好学,这“师”是动词,是学习的意思。谚语说:“喜欢指教的是蠢才,爱学习的是聪明人。”这对“好为人师”和“为人好师”是极好的评论。语序安排得当,意思表达得就清楚。语序安排不当,就会引起意义上的混乱,造成语法上的错误。下面先就常规方面谈谈安排语序时必须注意的四个问题。 1、认清对象,切忌张     

青少年儿童四肢协调反应特征发展特点的研究

本文采用实验测试和横断对比分析的方法,对我国7—22岁的563名大、中、小学生和441名体操运动员的四肢协调反应特征发展特点进行了研究。结果表明:四肢协调反应的速度,在7—15岁期间有明显的发展提高,其中7—11岁为发展加速期,11—15岁为缓慢发展期;15—18岁为发展倒退期;18—19岁为恢复期;19—22岁为稳定期。这种反应的准确性在7—11岁有明显的发展提高;11—16岁为倒退期;16—22岁为恢复期。在体操运动的作用下,这种反应的速度和准确性发展,分别在9—12岁和10—17岁间明显加快;在青春期,反应的速度和准确性发展的波动性明显减少。