Functions of the environment in behavioral evolution

This paper explores some of the ways in which the environment functions with respect to behavior within an explanatory framework analogous to that of evolutionary biology. In both the behavioral and organic domains, the environment functions differently with respect to individual occurrences and evolutionary units. Within the behavioral domain, the problem of accounting for an occurrence of an operant instance differs from that of accounting for the existence of the operant unit of which the instance is a part. Maintaining these distinctions in levels of analysis within the behavioral domain, we focus first on operant units and operant instances as products of evolutionary processes occurring in the behavioral domain and second upon the causal role of the environment with respect to the existence of operant units and the occurrence of operant instances. The environment's function is selective with respect to origin, maintenance, suppression, and extinction of behavioral populations. At the level of operant instances, the environment has instantiating functions-evocative or alterative. Evocative functions are exemplified by discriminative relations, and alterative functions include both conditional and motivative relations. Implications are considered regarding extension of the analogy to more complex behavior-environment relations.     

Acceptance and commitment therapy: Altering the verbal support for experiential avoidance

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a behavior-analytically-based psychotherapy approach that attempts to undermine emotional avoidance and increase the capacity for behavior change. An overview of this approach is given, followed by several specific examples of the techniques used within ACT. In each instance the behavioral rationale of these techniques is described. A contemporary view of verbal relations provides the basis for new approaches to adult outpatient psychotherapy.     

中英街畔东和小学精神文明建设考察

介绍了地处深圳“中英街”畔的东和小学的精神文明建设的成就和特点;对如何进一步加强这种特殊环境中的精神文明建设,提出了作者的看法。     

作为探索和征服的知识

知识分子与军人自色诺芬时代以来,人们就已确认,知识与军队之间存在着一种伙伴关系──以及与之相关的知识与战争,征服与整个帝国机构之间的伙伴关系。军队清扫了道路,学者随之而来;知识的增长是侵略的副作用。假如当初法兰西帝国和大英帝国不对亚洲进行扩张,便不可能有十八世纪的伟大的语言学发现──即发现古波斯语和梵语。伴随波拿巴入侵埃及的是一支庞大的学者军团。身着军服的军队进入之后,官方学者使团尾随而至。例如,1849年,意大利的档案馆之所以向法国学者开放,是因为法国占领了罗马。勒南之所以可以出入意大利的图书馆、…     

合资企业新技术投资决策与引进时机的案例分析

本研究采用独特案例分析法(ideographic case analysis),对某中外合资企业组织管理特征和新技术投资决策过程进行了深层剖析,在合资企业组织适应与新技术引进时机的关系方面,获得了富有理论意义和应用价值的结果。研究提出以合资企业新体制与技术系统的互补与兼容作为新技术投资决策高效能的契机的管理战略,并讨论了合资企业新技术投资决策的风险因素及优化途径。     

对医学科研管理文献研究的浅议

对医学科研管理文献研究的浅议第三军医大学（６３００３７）王关嵩,刘久成,张开宿医学科研管理文献,其研究对象侧重于人,着重分析社会现象;其研究系统比较复杂,需采用诸如模糊数学、灰色理论等决策方法;根据对《中华医学杂志》、《科研管理》、《医学科研管理杂志...     

连云港市为爱国僧众树碑建亭

本刊讯由江苏连云港市人民政府拨款兴建,中国佛协赵朴初会长题字的“云台山爱国僧众抗日纪念碑暨义僧事”,近日在云台山国家级风景区落成,并对外正式开放,接待四众弟子前来参观瞻仰。一九三九年农历七月十四日,入侵日军为清剿云台山地区抗日游击队,集结五百余精锐部队,携带山炮,迫击炮,轻重武器兵分四路围剿云台山,沿途烧杀抢掠。当人任日军至玉皇宫时,遭到云台山海宁禅寺义俗和山民阻击,义增凭借地形地物,以土枪土炮,大刀长矛,手榴弹痛击日寇,激战三天二夜,条日寇不断向山上增援兵力,攻势猛烈,僧众时有伤亡,终因寡不敌…     

宝鸡市佛协召开第三届代表会

本刊讯去年10月28日至30日,陕西省宝鸡市佛教协会三届代表会在法门寺召开。到会的35名代表认真学习了中央领导有关宗教工作的讲话及党的宗教政策,听取了二届市佛协的工作报告,讨论修改了市佛协章程,选举产生了宝鸡市第三届佛教协会理事14人,常务理事10人,法门寺澄观法师当选为会长,静一、宏智、段和、李子重当选为副会长,段和兼任秘书长,王宁波任副秘书长。会议开幕时,宝鸡市委统战部部长傅忱、市政府副秘书长王浩贤、市民族宗教局局长张惠代表市委、市政府领导到会看望代表并讲了话,会议闭幕时,市委统战部副部长陶振海,市民族…     

对目前高校哲学系生存及发展问题的思索

对目前高校哲学系生存及发展问题的思索张正军,高立勋,张建申一、当前国内高校哲学系的状况近两年,我国高等院校哲学系的生存和发展普遍遇到困难,表现为：（１）招生难。报考哲学专业的学生数逐年来急剧下降,有限生源的质量相对降低。（２）分配难。哲学专门人才的需...