野外休闲的美德

A.利奥波德的土地伦理,作为环境美德伦理的一个实例,已经越来越受到关注。古典的对休闲的看法,最初在亚里士多德的《政治学》中表明,为检查野外休闲提供了一个好的出发点。利奥波德认为野外休闲是重要的,而且与他的土地伦理有关系。利奥波德对野外休闲的看法,集中在对生态学教育和对美德习惯的感知作用上。当野外休闲习惯于古典克制力的美德时,就变成了生态学道德心所必需的主要美德。野外休闲正是培养那些有智力的,以及优雅的感知和审慎所必需的科学美德。这种美德在好的公民身份与土地公民身份之间提供了诸种关系。     

《人和公民的自然法义务》编者引言

剑桥政治思想史原著系列中,普芬道夫之《人和公民的自然法义务》是由J.塔利所编辑的,本文是塔利对于近来有关普芬道夫文献的述评,是对于普芬道夫所处的历史背景、主要观点及其学术影响精辟入理的总结。在塔利看来,普芬道夫是瞻顾维斯特伐利亚条约而给现代欧洲国家制度提供全面理论可能性的第一人,其作品是开创近代以自然科学为模式的现代自然法学派的最为经典的历史性阐述之一。这首先要得益于普芬道夫在结构上通过六步划界法把自然法道德转换成为一种社会理论,从而决定性地变更了古典的自然目的论学说;其次也得益于普芬道夫以社会性为核心,通过两重契约理论修正了霍布斯的一重契约理论,从而不但为稳固的君主政体奠定了基础,而且为新兴之近代国家的社会发展提供了可能性。     

从混沌到思想

混沌有三个女儿:艺术,科学和哲学。她们是三种思想平面,或曰大脑。大脑更像概念力,大脑就是精神本身。平面之间相互干扰,规则就是干扰律按自己的方式运动。每个学科都处于自己的平面上,使用属于自己的成分。还有一些不可定位的干扰。一个学科为了自己的目的与关系与其否定性的那一极建立起一种本质联系之时,此类教学法才成为可能。哲学需要一种理解它的非哲学,就像艺术需要非艺术,科学需要非科学。     

伊斯兰教主张中道北大核心CSSCISSCI

至慈的真主安拉在《古兰经》里教导我们说：“这确是我的正路,故你们当遵循它;你们不要遵循邪路,以免那些邪路使你们离开真主的大道。他将这些亨嘱咐你们,以便你们敬畏。”     

A longitudinal twin study of the genetic and environmental etiology of maternal hostile-reactive behavior during infancy and toddlerhood

Children's negative characteristics are thought to be a factor in evoking hostile parenting responses. This can result in genotype/environment correlations (rGE) in which children's heritable traits influence the parenting they experience. We did genetic analyses on 292 mothers' self-reported hostile-reactive behaviors toward each of their twins at 5, 18 and 30 months. Finding heritability for a parenting behavior analyzed as a child phenotype is evidence of rGE correlation. The heritability of maternal behavior was modest (29% at 5 months, 0% at 18 months, and 25% at 30 months) and longitudinal analyses indicated that genetic factors at 5 and 30 months were uncorrelated. Common environment factors, probably reflecting characteristics of the mothers, were the main source of variance at the three ages and were highly correlated through time. We concluded that children's heritable characteristics evoked maternal negative response at specific times, but were not responsible for the stability of maternal hostility from infancy to toddlerhood.     

Test adaptation to other cultures: a practical approach

The aim of this study was to show the practical steps to be followed in the adaptation of instruments for measuring psychological constructs across cultures. For this purpose, the adaptation process of the NEO PI-R from Spanish into Basque is thoroughly described. In order to avoid the sources of error that researchers could encounter during the adaptation process, established guidelines are followed. In the stage which focuses on the empirical validation of the instrument to be used, four studies are described that examine the following aspects: dimensionality, convergent and differential validity, internal consistency of each dimension, and the possible differential item functioning with regard to gender and life stage (youth or adulthood). In the light of the results obtained, we conclude that the Basque version of NEO PI-R guarantees an adequate assessment of personality from the Big Five viewpoint. These studies illustrate how to obtain evidence about the degree of validity of the adapted version of a test, which is the key feature of any adaptation process.     

A Spanish adaptation of the Parental Stress Scale

As a specific measure to assess levels of parental stress is lacking in Spain, the aim of this study was to develop the Spanish version of the Parental Stress Scale (PSS). After translating it from English into Spanish using the forward-backward translation method, it was administered to a sample of 211 first-time parents (105 males and 106 females). A factor analysis was carried out to assess its dimensionality. After refining the scale, we obtained a two-factor solution that accounted for 33.5% of the variance, with the factors Stressors and Parenting Rewards. No gender differences were found either in the scale or in the dimensions. Criterion-related validity was tested by means of correlations with anxiety and depressive symptoms and, with regard to internal consistency, adequate alpha coefficients were obtained for both factors.     

Construction of a depression scale with the Rasch model

This study examines the psychometric properties of a depression questionnaire. The goal was to improve the technical quality of traditional measures of depression in Spanish youth. 310 participants, aged 18-24 years, filled in the self-report questionnaire. The data were analyzed by means of the Rasch model. Results show that model fit, average item reliability (.97), and average person reliability (.88) are high. After deleting four indicators showing misfit and 12 showing sex bias, the resulting scale measures clinical depression objectively. Using this scale, the expected sex-related differences are found.     

Deconstructing executive deficits among persons with autism: implications for cognitive neuroscience

Individuals with autism demonstrate impairments on measures of executive function (EF) relative to typically developing comparison participants. EF is comprised of several processes including inhibition, working memory and set shifting that develop throughout the lifespan. Impairments in EF may appear early in development and persist, or may represent a more transient delay which resolves with time. Given the unevenness of the cognitive profile of persons with autism, understanding the development of EF poses methodological challenges. These issues include those related to matching measures and the choice of comparison participants to which the performance of persons with autism will be compared. In the current review, we attempt to break down the processes of inhibition, working memory and set shifting among persons with autism. We propose to do this within a developmental perspective that highlights how matching measures and comparison participants can affect the interpretation of research findings.     

人类大脑、认知与行为进化的整合模型

物种进化的历史进程中,大脑、认知与行为系统的进化机能利于有机体控制社会、生物与自然资源,而有机体所控制的各种资源又会影响自身的生存与繁衍。社会、生物与自然资源可以相对稳定,也可以变化不定。资源的稳定变化所传递的信息会引起大脑、认知以及行为系统做出模块化的自主反应。资源的稳定变化利于人类整合朴素心理学、朴素生物学与朴素物理学,而资源的变化不定所传达出的信息会引起认知与行为系统有意识地进行自上而下的外显行为反应。人类外显行为反应系统的进化导致人类出现自我意识,并具有探索性解决问题的能力。朴素心理能力、意识与问题解决能力可以整合为动机－控制理论