王守仁哲学思想研究

王守仁(1472-1528)是明代重要的哲学家,他集宋明主观唯心主义之大成,建立了心学。他的思想不仅在我国明清时代有深刻影响,而且在日本广为流传。解放以后,我国广大哲学史工作者用马列主义观点对王守仁哲学思想进行全面的研究。50年代至60年代,主要讨论了王守仁的政治思想、哲学体系的核心和教育思想等问题。70年代至80年代,主要从范畴和命题的逻辑关系上进一步探讨了王守仁哲学体系的核心和內在矛盾,并采用了中外行学比较的方法探讨了王守仁的泛神论、知行观和教育思想。现将哲学思想方面的讨论情况概述如下。     

唯物辩证法体系问题讨论综述

近年来,哲学界在对唯物辩证法的规律和范畴进行广泛研究和探讨的基础上,针对我们目前的一些教材和专著对于唯物辩证法体系的阐述方面的缺点,提出了要专门而系统地研究唯物辩证法的体系问题。但对唯物辩证法体系包括哪些内容以及如何安排,存有较大的分歧。现将几种主要观点综述如下。关于构成唯物辩证法体系的原则问题参加讨论的同志在这个问题上认识比较一致,都认为构成唯物辩证法体系必须坚持五个基本原则:(1)逻辑和历史的一致;(2)辩证法、     

“自觉”概念浅析

关于人的自觉活动与社会历史发展规律的关系问题,已经引起了哲学界的重视。然而,在强调“人们的自觉活动的规律同历史的客观规律恰恰是一个东西”的时候,如果缺乏对“自觉”涵义的具体分析,就难以论证两者真正的对立统一关系。自觉是人的活动的本质特征,是社会历史过程区别于自然过程的显著特点。在马克思主义创始人的著述中,“自觉”是一个多层次的概念,他们至少是在三种不完全相同的意义上使用这个概念的。     

大学生兴趣特征浅析

兴趣是人认识或从事某种活动的推动力量。凡是与自己的兴趣相符合的活动容易引起人的积极性,能使人轻松愉快而富有成效的完成任务。近年来,我国心理学工作者曾对我国中小学生的兴趣、动机,理想的特点进行了大规模的调查,并取得了可喜的研究成果。但对大学生这方面心理特点的研究还是个薄弱环节,我们试图逐步从这方面做点工作。几年来,我们在政治思想工作和教学实践中对大学生兴趣特点进行了长期的观察了解,积累一些材料,为了验证日常观察的事实材料的准确程度,我们又在文理科系500名大学生中以《大学生兴趣的自我分析》为题,用自由写作法,让他们叙述个人兴趣特征及形成过程。根据现有材料,     

能海法师传

能海法师是中国现代佛教界著名人物之一。他生于清末,目睹西太后专政时期的清政府腐败无能,丧权辱国,广大人民处于水深火热之中。苦难的现实,激发了他在青年时代的爱国思想,曾毅然从军,以图报国;后又改习园艺,想从事实业以富民,为此东渡日本,考察政治和实业,但当时的社会,是无法实现其理想的。孙中山领导的辛亥革     

原始人的集体观念——原始道德漫谈之一

集体观念是人类最初的美德。这种美德是否象某些唯心主义伦理学家讲的那样,是“人的天性”呢?不是的。而是开初在死亡、毁灭的威胁面前,迫使每一个氏族成员的行为必须符合这一规则的,是在以后才逐步形成了一种习俗观念,占据了原始人的头脑。 首先,原始人的集体观念来源于个人必须依靠集体才能生存的客观必然性。人类刚刚从动物群中脱离出来之后,“日与禽兽居,族与万物并”(《庄子·马蹄篇》),劳动工具是天然的石块、木棒,十分简陋,劳动技能十分低下,单个人的力量根本无法抵抗大自然降临的种种灾难。那时,无论狩猎、捕鱼、采集,都是集体进行的。只有依靠集体的行为,集体的力量,原始人才能经常在周围地区     

中学语文教材逻辑语病例析

中学语文教材,理应高度科学化、规范化,然而我们在语文教学过程中,却发现教材中有不少明显的逻辑语病。以下我们把散见于中学语文教材中的存在逻辑问题的语句加以分类,并作简要分析,以求教于识者。一、错在概念方面。1、概念使用不当。“我要考察它们遗弃下的储藏室,必须用刀子来挖掘。”(高中第一册《蝉》) 说明文《蝉》把蝉的幼虫生活的地下洞穴称作“储藏室”,而“储藏室”这个概念指放置暂时不用之物品的房间,如果     

Time reallocation in a multiresponse environment: Effects of restricting response classes

Four adult male rats were each placed for three hours daily into an apparatus that provided individual compartments for six separate location-defined responses. The available responses consisted of: (1) the opportunity to turn off room lighting, producing darkness; (2) the opportunity to view a female rat; (3) the opportunity to turn off white noise; (4) the opportunity to drink; (5) the opportunity to eat; and (6) "other," representing time in the hallway between compartments. Each subject underwent a series of conditions characterized as an A-B-A-C-A design. Manipulations consisted of the removal of a low-probability response (darkness) and of a high-probability response (escape from noise) in a counter-balanced manner across subjects. The dependent measure for all subjects was the percentage of total session time spent in each compartment. Four predictive rules concerning the redistribution of behavior after response restriction were tested, including the constant-ratio rule, equal time redistribution, the most probable alternative, and the sequential-dependency rule. The results indicate no support for any of the four predictive rules and suggest that empirical assessment of restriction effects is necessary in reinforcement studies involving temporally extended responses.     

The validity of Mobley's (1977) model of employee turnover

Unlike earlier tests of an oversimplified version of this model, the validity of W. Mobley's (1977, Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 237-240) original turnover model was fully investigated. Constructs that were neglected in prior studies were assessed and previously examined constructs were operationalized with more reliable measures. Measures of all constructs in Mobley's model were obtained from a survey of 192 hospital employees. Turnover data were collected a year following survey administration. Following the theoretical causal ordering of Mobley's constructs, each construct was regressed on all causally prior constructs. In general, each construct was accurately predicted by the linear combination of predictors representing its causal determinants. In the majority of instances, the best predictor of a model construct was the construct's immediate causal antecedent. Further, an alternative model was evaluated and compared with Mobley's model using path analysis.