关于自我节制问题

自我节制现象,在人们的社会存在中以及在人们相互关系体系中占重要地位。自我节制是人的精神本质与道德人文本质的最重要表现之一,是人的存在和社会精神生活的一个必不可少的组成部分。然而,自我节制问题,在我国的文献中还没有得到应有的研究。 实际上,自我节制问题在哲学—伦理学思想的全部历史中,具有极为重要的作用,它是整个伦理学体系所围绕的中心。它绝不仅仅是宗教禁欲主义体系所特有的。可以完全有把握地说,所有纯理性主义的道德学说无论如何都基于自我节制的思想。     

Communicative and other cognitive characteristics of bottlenose dolphins

Scientists have tried to capture the rich cognitive life of dolphins through field and laboratory studies of their brain anatomy, social lives, communication and perceptual abilities. Encopheliration quotient data sugest a level of intelligence or cognitive processing in the large-brained dolphin that is closer to the human range than are our nearest primate relatives. Field studies indicate a fission-fusion type of social structure, showing social complexity rivaling that found in chimpanzee societies. Notably, cetaceans are the only mammals other than humans that clearly demonstrate vocal learning and parallels in stages of vocal learning have been reported for humans, birds and dolphins. The dolphin's vocal plasticity from infancy through adulthood, in what is probably an 'open' communication system, is likely to be related to their fission-fusion social structure and, specifically, to the fluidity of their short-term associations. However, conflicting evidence exists on the composition and organization of the dolphins whistle repertoire. In general, the level of dolphin performance on complex auditory learning and memory tasks has been compared with that of primates on similar visual tasks; however, dolphins have also demonstrated sophistrcated visual processing abilities. Laboratory studies have also provided suggestive, evidence of minor self-recognition in the dolphin, an ability previously thought to be exclusive to humans humans and apes.     

The Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS): a revision and extension of the Physical Appearance Related Teasing Scale (PARTS)

This article describes the development and validation of a revised measure for the assessment of history of being teased about physical appearance. Study 1 involved the preliminary psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire on a sample of 227 college women, Two factors emerged: Weight-Related Teasing (WT) and Teasing About Abilities/Competencies (Competency Teasing; CT). The integrity of the factor structure of these two scales was established in Study 2 with a sample of 87 college women. Internal consistency ratios in this sample were also found to be acceptable. In Study 3, 92 college women were administered measures of body image, eating disturbance, and self-esteem to test for convergence with the Perception of Teasing Scale. Subjects also rated teasing items for frequency and effect (e.g., how upset they were by the teasing). Two-week test-retest reliabilities for these measures were acceptable. Weight-Related Teasing correlated to a greater degree with other measures than Competency Teasing. Regression analyses revealed the importance of a frequency versus effect dimension. Findings are discussed in light of recent research on developmental factors in body image and eating disturbance.     

Putting your eggs in the content analysis basket: a response to Aronow, Reznikoff, and Moreland

A response is made to the essay by Aronow, Reznikoff, and Moreland (this issue) on the superiority of the content analysis approach to the Rorschach. Their argument is seen as giving insufficient emphasis to the importance of information obtained from empirically based, quantified methods of Rorschach interpretation. Content analysis without score-based interpretation is not sufficiently reliable for clinical use. Also, the argument of Aronow and colleagues that the Rorschach is predominantly a projective technique is refuted. Rorschach interpretation that deemphasizes empirically based scores is as insufficient as interpretation that excludes content analysis.     

试论蒙古族哲学思想史的若干特点

蒙古族有没有自己独特的哲学思维和思想,有没有别具风格的哲学概念范畴和气派,有没有由这些思想和范畴构筑的体系,这是研究蒙古族哲学思想史时不能不思考的重要课题,也是探索蒙哲史发展规律和特点时必须回答的根本问题。     

Roles of Visual Information for Control of Reaching Movements in Children

What visual information do children normally require for the control of reaching movements? How is performance affected when children do not have access to the preferred mode of perceptual information? These questions were studied in 28 children who were tested on 3 occasions: at 6, 7, and 8 years of age. The task was to pick beads, 1 at a time, from 1 cup and carry them to another cup. With the aid of a mirror arrangement and a curtain, the amount of visual information was manipulated with regard to both the target and the performing hand. The movements were monitored with an optoelectronic device (SELSPOT II) and analyzed in terms of transport and object-handling phases. Results showed that object handling required visual information on both hand and target. For the transport phase of the movement, visual information on the spatial location of the target was sufficient, and sight of the hand did not improve performance. In contrast to adult subjects, when children did not have access to the required visual information, their performances deteriorated markedly. These results indicate that from the age of 6, children use visual information for control of arm movements in a manner like that of adults, although with less accuracy and speed. However, even 8-year-old children are limited in their ability to use alternative perceptual strategies for movement control, and they therefore become less flexible and more dependent on visual information.     

自我评论

三、思想进程正象我提及的那样，早在高中学习时就已阅读了德·桑克蒂斯的著作，它们给我印象深刻，甚至当我为学校撰写文学批评文章时也深受影响。但假如那时我已充分理解德·桑克蒂斯的思想，即运用他阐述这一思想并使它清楚明晰的丰富经验，把握其思想的基本观念和每个个别判断的话，那我就成了天生的魔鬼，一位垂老的青年，或甚至就是德·桑克蒂斯本人，返老还童的德·桑克蒂斯。事实上我刚刚抓住德·桑克蒂斯的某些特征，尤其是但相当浮浅地把握这一主导思想：艺术不是深思和逻辑的产物，也不是技巧的成果，而是自发的纯粹的幻想形式。…