Cultural practices of Hispanics: implications for the prevention of AIDS

Hispanic Americans have one of the highest rates of HIV seroprevalence among all ethnics groups in the US, with high rates being especially noticeable among women and children. Were it known which cultural factors have the most influence on whether Hispanics engage in high-risk behavior for HIV transmission, prevention interventions could be targeted accordingly. To that end, this study was mounted to identify which Hispanic cultural factors relate to condom use. 117 males and 73 females aged 17-56 years of mean age 25.67 were surveyed in Washoe county, Nevada. These mostly young adults had recently immigrated to the western US. It was initially posited that fate orientation, male- female relationships, family relationships, machismo behavior, and religion would have equal influence with respect to condom use. Analysis found that condom use was largely associated with and determined by men who are the principal buyers of condoms. A machismo attitude toward protecting women by using condoms was also associated with condom use. Neither fate orientation with respect to AIDS, nor religion were important determinants of condom use, even though 86.5% of the respondents were Catholic. The degree to which respondents adhered to traditional Hispanic cultural values was influenced by the degree of education and acculturation. On the basis of these findings, the authors suggest targeting AIDS prevention messages to males, while emphasizing the protection of women through condom use. They also suggest that both education and acculturation levels be assessed before implementing prevention programs.     

The relationship between attitude,assertiveness and condom use

The Australian study investigated condom-specific assertiveness and condom use as a means of prevention infection from sexually transmitted diseases. 211 men participated including 83 homosexual men (aged 19-62 years) and 128 heterosexual men (aged 17-49) who completed a questionnaire that comprised demographic details such as age, monogamy, and sexual activity as well as attitudinal and assertiveness measures. General assertiveness was measured by the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS) which had been widely used across a wide range of social situations. Assertiveness relating specifically to situations involving condoms was measured by the Condom Assertiveness Scale (CAS). Intention to use condoms was positively related to favorable attitudes, which were related to condom-specific assertiveness for both groups. For the heterosexual men only, general social assertiveness was negatively related to attitudes toward condoms. For both groups, the condom-specific measure of assertiveness was positively correlated with attitudes toward condoms. Condom-specific assertiveness was positively related to general social assertiveness as measured by the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule for the homosexual, but not for the heterosexual men. The negative relationship between general assertiveness and attitude to condoms among the heterosexual men implies that the risk reducing behavior of condom use did not seem to accord with the perceptions of masculinity and social assertiveness among heterosexual men. Thus, female partners of such heterosexual men exhibiting negative attitudes toward condom use combined with assertiveness would have to overcome resistance to insist on the use of condoms. Recently some advertising campaigns have been directed at women. The promotion of condom use among heterosexual men has to deal with the perceptions of condom use as unmasculine behavior.     

加快改革 迎接挑战——城镇集体家具企业现状剖析

一曾经为社会主义建设和社会主义改造,为满足人民生活需要和解决城市就业,为对外开放、出口创汇立下了汗马功劳的城镇集体家具企业,近几年来的日子越来越难过,木制家具企业更甚。据对江苏轻工系统39个城镇集体家具企业调查,1986年工业总产值     

交往·主体间性·客观性

本文考察了主体问性作为经验现象和哲学范畴在科学认识活动和近现代哲学中是怎样出现的,指出它本质上是一种由生产和交往形成的社会关系和结构的特殊类型,具体表现为实践一认识活动中的相互性、协同性和调节原则。这种社会性是实现认识、知识客观性的一个逻辑上独立的必要条件和根据。由此也可以看到认知和评价的两种理性态度在起源和抽象形式上的一致性。     

文学与丧失魔力的世界

“深入那正在发掘的未知,你不得不徘徊苦思。”——勒奈·夏尔:《伊普诺斯诗稿》,1946年。文学批评十分经常地忽视宗教社会学的贡献。但是,它最好还是应该懂得,一切文化无不发源于人同世界的某种宗教关系,产生于可见物和不可见物的某种平衡配置。实际上,这正是例如狄尔泰所强调的宗教活动的主要特征:“凡是遇到冠有宗教名称的事物之处,同不可见物交往乃是其特殊的标志。”     

孔子思想与中华民族精神

<正> 中华民族精神是中华民族几千年历史实践过程中所形成的民族意识,是中华民族几千年文化传统长期陶铸的产物。在中华民族传统文化中,儒、佛、道三位一体,浸透于中华民族的性格和心理,凝聚为中华民族精神。然而以官学的形态,授受于庠序,流布于民间的,却基本是孔子儒家的思想文化。正是从这一意义上,我们说,孔子的儒家思想和学说奠定了中华民族精神的基调。全方位地影响了中华民族精神的形成与定位。孔子儒家思想奠定中华民族精神的基调,主要表现在五个方面:和的精神、仁的精神、大同精神、自强精神以及礼的精     

毛泽东的典型思想及其方法论意义

典型思想和典型方法在毛泽东的方法论思想体系中占有十分重要的地位。作为一个本体论范畴,典型必须具备三个相互关联的规定性:特殊性、代表性和超越性。毛泽东的典型思想和典型方法是他的矛盾学说作为基础的。     

春秋战国时期齐国军事理论发展的两个侧面

齐鲁是我国古代军事理论的发祥地之一。齐自吕尚始,谈兵论战,谋略治国成为它的国粹。战国时的燕将乐毅曾评论当时的齐国:“夫齐,霸国之余教,而聚胜之遗事也。闲于甲兵,习于攻战。”(《战国策·乐毅报燕王书》)在重强,重力,重兵,以尚武为传统的国度,出现《孙子兵法》和《管子》这样的谈兵论战的著作绝不是偶然的。管仲曾作为齐桓公军事战略“措仪划制”的关键人物,随齐桓公或独自率师东伐西讨,南征北战。长期的征战     

马克思的世界历史理论研究述评

如何理解马克思的世界历史理论,这是在探讨马克思的东方社会理论中引发出来的一个重要问题。应该说,对这一理论的研究具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。其中的底蕴在于,如何完整准确地把握马克思的社会发展理论,以及如何超越传统的西方式的现代化模式,寻找一条适合本民族发展的现代化道路。     

传统的挽歌及其误区——从列文森的《儒教中国及其现代命运》谈起

在西方学者研究中国思想史的著作中,大约很少有哪一部著作的影响能与美国加州大学教授列文森(Joseph R.levenson)写作的《儒教中国及其现代命运》相比.该书可以说集中体现了本世纪60年代以前西方学者研究中国学术思想史的一种占支配地位的思想观念.60年代末期以来,书中的观念遇到了越来越严峻的挑战,于是,列文森的名字又频繁地出现在批评者的文章著作中.儒学第三期发展的倡导者杜维明,就一而再、再而三地提及列文森和他的著作.