跨期选择的变易程度正向预测中华文化圈国民的自评扛疫成效：亚非欧美大洋洲18国跨国研究

跨期选择是对不同时间点的得失的权衡与选择。伊索寓言《蚂蚁和蚱蜢》假借群居型昆虫的跨期选择偏爱暗喻投资未来的慢策略比只顾眼前的快策略更利于生存。用跨期选择领域通用的语言解读这一寓言便是：选择大而迟选项的蚂蚁比选择小而早选项的蚱蜢更可能扛过严冬而生存下来。为了探索何种跨期选择策略更有助于我们扛过疫情,本研究调查了亚非欧美大洋洲这5大洲18个国家共计26355名受测者对混合得失双结果的跨期选择偏爱,测量了人们平时和疫时跨期选择偏爱的变易程度(2类变易的程度指标),以及人们自评的扛疫成效。跨文化比较结果的主要发现是：不同通货的选择变易程度(指标1)和不同时期的选择变易程度(指标2)能联合预测中国/新加坡文化圈国民的自评扛疫成效;不同时期的选择变易程度(指标2)也可以单独预测印度/马来西亚/菲律宾/尼日利亚文化圈国民的自评扛疫成效;这2类选择偏爱变易的程度指标不能预测其他文化圈国民的自评扛疫成效(或者预测方向和假设相反)。基于易经“穷则变,变则通”的要旨和跨国比较的发现,我们认为：面临历史危机时善于变通的特长抑或成就了中华民族特有的竞争优势;在应对危机时,与中国文化距离越相近的国家或民族抑或也能...     

Some effects of interreinforcement time upon choice

Pigeons' responses were reinforced on two identical and concurrently available chain variable-interval-schedules. Unlike the typical concurrent chains procedure, both links were operative throughout, thus producing three types of concurrency: (1) concurrent initial links; (2) concurrent initial and terminal links; (3) concurrent terminal links. Choice proportions in each of these three states suggested that the pigeons were sensitive to momentary likelihoods of reinforcement: choice proportions for a schedule were higher when the schedule had been operative for some time, resulting in a higher probability of reinforcement. The study also showed that the relative rates of responding did not match the relative rates of reinforcement in any of the three states of concurrency. Instead, the choice proportions in both the concurrent initial and in the concurrent terminal links were intermediate between the scheduled and the obtained relative rates of reinforcement, while the choice proportions for a terminal link concurrent with an initial link consistently overmatched the relative interreinforcement times (and were typically 1.00). These data indicate that an accurate characterization of choice may not be obtained by considering only the relative interreinforcement interval where one interreinforcement interval is segmented into a chain. Instead, the organism's choice for a schedule will be substantially lowered by the chaining operation.     

Choice behavior and the accessibility of the reinforcer

In Experiment 1, matching of relative response rates to relative rates of reinforcement was obtained in concurrent variable-interval schedules when the absolute values of the two concurrent variable-interval schedules varied from 6 sec and 12 sec to 600 sec and 1200 sec. Increases in the duration of the changeover delay, however, produced decreases in the relative response rates and, consequently, some deviation from matching. In Experiment 2, matching of relative response rates to the relative duration of the reinforcer failed to occur when the equal variable-interval schedules arranging access to the two different reinforcer durations (1.5 and 6 sec) were varied in size from concurrent variable-interval 10-sec schedules to concurrent variable-interval 600-sec schedules.     

Choice for periodic schedules of reinforcement

Pigeons' responses in the presence of two concurrently available (initial-link) stimuli produced one of two different (terminal-link) stimuli according to identical but independent variable-interval schedules. Responding in the mutually exclusive terminal links was reinforced with food according to fixed-ratio schedules for six pigeons and according to fixed-interval schedules for two pigeons. None of the pigeons matched the proportion of (choice) responses in the initial links to the proportion of the rates of reinforcement obtained during the terminal links. Instead, as the values of each of the terminal-link schedules were increased by a constant amount, the choice proportions for the stimulus associated with the smaller of the two values increased, even though the relative rates of reinforcement during the terminal links decreased. These results are incompatible with those from previous studies with aperiodic (variable-interval or variable-ratio) schedules. The present results do suggest, however, that in transforming aperiodic schedules into their periodic equivalents, it may be necessary to consider the size of the smallest interreinforcement interval comprising the terminal-link schedules.     

艺术审美尺度的超验问题质疑 H—G 卡达穆尔《真实性和方法·哲学诠释学纲要》——第一部分:对于艺术经验的真实性问题的阐述

卡达穆尔的《真实性和方法》一书是用以论证一种“哲学诠释学”的,它的第一部分在方法论上是其他一切部分的基础,涉及审美尺度的超验问题,并在这个基础上设想出一种艺术作品的本体论。如果我们要对这部广博的、内容丰富的著作加以批判,我们首先就必须讨论它的第一部分。     

评恰托帕驮耶《顺世学派。古代印度唯物主义研究》

近来在印度学家中间,从马克思主义立场来深入研究印度哲学的历史开始获得愈来愈大的威望。虽然在这一方面马克思主义者刚刚走上开始的阶段,他们却巳写出了一系列印度哲学史的重要著作,其中包括Д.П.恰托帕驮耶的这本著作。还在1956年,该书首次以印地文出版;但是对本书的兴趣如此之大,以致于1959年出版了它的英译本,1961年出版了从英译本转译的俄译本。恰托帕驮耶的这本书无疑是从马克思主义立场研究印度哲学某些根本问题的较有份量的著作之一。作者用了大量的实际材料,其中大部分以往从未进行过科学的整理。该书不仅探讨了古代     

关于作为自在目的的人的概念

“那末,我说,人以及一般说来每个有理性者都是作为目的存在着,而绝不能仅仅被当作手段。”这是康德的一个足以自豪的诊断。如果康德没有从这个情绪上有利的地位倒退到用一种非常令人不满的推论去代替证明,那末我们由于对这个论断的崇高意义怀有某种模糊的感情,可能会倾向于对它表示同情。康德写道:“人以及一切有理性者是自在目的这个原理,不是靠我的观察或者经验     

现代英语哲学介绍

逻辑实证主义《逻辑实证主义》一书收集了M.石里克、R.卡尔纳普、O.纽赖特、F.魏斯曼、H.汉恩、F.D.朗塞、C.G.汉贝尔、B.罗素、A.J.艾耶尔、C.L.司蒂文逊和G.莱尔等的文章。这些文章最早是在1924年(如罗素的文章)发表的,晚止于1946年(如莱尔的文章)。在今天都不是容易看到的了。它们之合成为一个单行本,正像艾耶尔宣称的,特别可以证明逻辑实证主义并没有构成一个学派,并且也说明了那些散居在各地而又往往互相对立的思想家们的某些立场的类似倾向。     

关于作为认识形式的经验

在马克思主义认识论中,感性的经验或感性经验这一概念是作为认识的第一阶段的标志使用的。但是,以感觉、知觉、表象为形态所引出的对物质现实性的具体直观的映象的感性经验,还没有表达出人类经验的全部和实质。如果谈到共产党和工人党在为了民主和社会主义反对剥削和压迫、反对帝国主义和战争的革命斗争过程中所取得的经验时,这就非常清楚了。显然这里所指的不单是感性经验形态的经验,而是从革命实践中所取得的、具有判断性质的概括形式的认识。如果人们进一步观察在社会主义社会中具有多种多样形式并且是社会主义生产关系的一种表现的经验交流时,那就可证明,感性