An analysis and generalization of Venn's diagrammatic decision procedure

Summary When testing logical formulae for validity by applying Venn's diagrams we are using a kind of picture writing i. e. a writing in which certain facts are represented by drawings rather than sentences. This diagrammatic decision procedure may however be translated into ordinary language. Translating for instance the respective procedure of testing the mood Darii we obtain the following reasoning.     

Noema in the Light of Contradiction,Conflict, and Nonsense: The Noema as Possibly Thinkable Content

The present paper is guided by the belief that Edmund Husserl’s concept of noema can be significantly enriched when considered in light of extreme epistemological instances. These include the phenomena of the absurd and nonsense, but also intentional conflict and cases of consciousness directed to contradictory objects. The paper shows that the noema, when experienced in such a context, exhibits interesting characteristics that are rather difficult to note in other circumstances. The paper consists of five sections. The first interprets and relates concepts from Logical Investigations to those from Ideas I. The second section discloses the noematic ability to assemble senses for which there is no corresponding object. The third section stresses that the noema must, in some instances, be able to comprise two separate structures of senses through which two different objects are meant. In the fourth section, all of these characteristics are shown to be restricted by the concept of nonsense and the laws of meaning-compounding. In this way, the noema is clarified as “possibly thinkable content.” Finally, in Sect. 5, this idea is brought into dialogue with the most significant interpretations of the noema.

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Event-Related Potential Correlates of Attention to Mediated Message Processing

The aim of this article is to find neural correlates of attention allocated to processing mediated messages. Event-related potentials (ERPs) for auditory distractors were recorded while subjects were engaged in watching a movie telling a short story (audio-video condition) or listening to a radio program describing the same events (audio condition). The amplitudes of the N1 and P3a components for distractors were larger in the audio than in the audio-video condition. The results indicate a stronger orienting response to auditory distractors when listening to the radio than when listening to and watching television. It confirmed predictions of the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP), which assumes that the less complex the encoded message, the more attentional resources are left for additional tasks. The largest amplitude of the P3a was observed during the first stage of encoding the message compared to the next stages. P3a amplitude to repeated auditory distractors seems to be a strong indicator of habituation. Results are discussed in the context of LC4MP and perceptual load theory of attention.     

Identification with all humanity—A test of the factorial structure and measurement invariance of the scale in five countries

Identification with all humanity measured as an individual characteristic is an important factor related to social and international relations, such as concern for global issues and human rights, prosocial attitudes, intergroup forgiveness, attitudes toward immigrants, solving global problems, reactions to hate crimes and dehumanisation. We examine the factorial structure, psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Identification with All Humanity (IWAH) scale in student samples from five countries (the United States, Poland, France, Mexico and Chile; N = 1930). Separate confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) for each country showed a second-order model of one superordinate factor with two subfactors. The cross-country validation of the scale, based on multigroup CFA, confirmed configural and metric invariance between countries for raw scores, and full metric invariance for “pure” scores. This study showed that the IWAH scale can be successfully used for cross-country research and the results from different countries can be compared and integrated.