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81.
We evaluate the scope of Jaegwon Kim's “supervenience argument” for reduction. Does its conclusion apply only to psychology, or does it generalize to all the special sciences? The claim that the supervenience argument generalizes to all the special sciences if it goes through for psychology is often raised as an objection to the supervenience argument. We argue that this objection is ambiguous. We distinguish three readings of it and suggest that some of them make it a plausible claim, whereas other readings make it implausible. We suggest that this ambiguity is the result of picturing the world as being hierarchically organized in levels, with the domain of physics at the bottom and the domains of the social sciences at the top. The plausibility of the objection depends on how we think of this picture. This popular picture, we suggest, involves three different dimensions along which reduction may occur. 相似文献
82.
A matching-to-sample procedure was used to investigate whether 9-year-old children would demonstrate the emergence of a derived compound-sample conditional discrimination following training in four interrelated single-sample conditional discriminations and vice versa, as adults did in previous studies. In Experiment 1, three out of three children demonstrated the emergence of a compound-sample conditional discrimination following training in four single-sample conditional discriminations. In Experiment 2, two out of three children acquired a compound-sample conditional discrimination and they demonstrated the emergence of four single-sample conditional discriminations; one of them did so only after being exposed to a remediation training and testing procedure. Training variables that facilitated discrimination emergence in both directions are discussed. In general, results showed that the sophisticated learning skills that are supposedly possessed by adults are not required to demonstrate the two types of derived control under study. 相似文献
83.
The main objective of the present study was to classify doctoral programs with Quality Mention in Psychology based on their scientific productivity. For this purpose, articles in the Web of Science published by professors teaching in these doctoral programs were analyzed. In addition, we analyzed scientific journals in which these professors tend to publish more papers and the evolution in the number of papers published until 2009. Results showed that the most productive doctoral program was the Neurosciences program at the University of Oviedo. This program showed a ratio of 40 articles--published in journals included in Journal Citation Reports--by each professor. In contrast, other programs did not reach a ratio of 10 articles per professor. Regarding journals, results showed that 9 out of the 20 most popular journals are Hispanic and a gradual increase in the number of published papers was also observed. Lastly, results and implications for quality assessment are discussed. 相似文献
84.
Synthese - I argue in favor of a certain connection between knowledge and the permissibility of action. On this approach, we do not think of the relation between those notions as reflecting a... 相似文献
85.
David M. Frost Michelle Fine María Elena Torre Allison Cabana 《American journal of community psychology》2019,63(3-4):511-526
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and gender non‐conforming (LGBTQ & GNC) youth experience more economic hardship and social stress than their heterosexual and cisgender peers. However, the ways that LGBTQ & GNC youth resist these damaging social factors and the corresponding implications for their health have not been addressed. Data were analyzed from a national participatory survey of LGBTQ & GNC youth ages 14–24 (N = 5,860) living in the United States. Structural equation models indicated that economic precarity was associated with experiences of health problems. This association was mediated by the negative influence of minority stress on health as well as by activism, which had a positive association with health. Findings suggest that minority stress explanations of health inequalities among LGBTQ & GNC youth can benefit from including a focus on economic precarity; both in terms of its deleterious impact on health and its potential to provoke resistance to structural oppression in the form of activism. 相似文献
86.
Two contrasting accounts for priming in visual search have been proposed. The main difference between the two is the level
of perceptual processing at which the priming effects are assumed to occur, whether priming is assumed to operate through
the selective facilitation of features or at the level of selection of objects for response. The aim of the experiments here
was to contrast these accounts. In the first two experiments, observers performed a search for the odd diamond in the midst
of two distractor diamonds. Each diamond had two colors, but the configurations of the colors within the diamonds were different
for the two experiments in ways previously shown to lend themselves differently well to object formation. The results show
that priming can be both feature- and object-based, depending on the topological properties of the stimuli. This was confirmed
in a third experiment, in which a quite dissimilar stimulus set was used to address the same question, once again yielding
similar results. We thus show that priming operates at various levels of perceptual processing, a result consistent with new
findings from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. 相似文献
87.
88.
We review studies demonstrating the ability of some animals to understand the human pointing gesture. We present a 3-step
analysis of the topic. (1) We compare and evaluate current experimental methods (2) We compare available experimental results
on performance of different species and investigate the interaction of species differences and other independent variables
(3) We evaluate how our present understanding of pointing comprehension answers questions about function, evolution and mechanisms.
Recently, a number of different hypotheses have been put forward to account for the presence of this ability in some species
and for the lack of such comprehension in others. In our view, there is no convincing evidence for the assumption that the
competitive lifestyles of apes would inhibit the utilization of this human gesture. Similarly, domestication as a special
evolutionary factor in the case of some species falls short in explaining high levels of pointing comprehension in some non-domestic
species. We also disagree with the simplistic view of describing the phenomenon as a simple form of conditioning. We suggest
that a more systematic comparative research is needed to understand the emerging communicative representational abilities
in animals that provide the background for comprehending the human pointing gesture. 相似文献
89.
Luciana T.G. Ávila Suzete Chiviacowsky Gabriele Wulf Rebecca Lewthwaite 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2012,13(6):849-853
ObjectivesThe present study investigated the influence of social-comparative feedback on the learning of a throwing task in 10-year-old children.DesignTwo-group experimental design, including a practice phase and retention test.MethodBoth groups of participants, a positive social-comparative feedback and a control group, received veridical feedback about their performance (accuracy score) after each practice trial. In addition, after each block of 10 trials, the positive feedback group was given bogus feedback suggesting that their own performance was better than that of a peer group's on that block. One day after the practice phase, a retention test without (veridical or social-comparative) feedback was performed to assess learning effects as a function of feedback.ResultsThe positive feedback group demonstrated greater throwing accuracy than the control group on the retention test. In addition, questionnaire results indicated that this group scored higher in terms of perceived competence than the control group.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that feedback can have an important motivational function that affects the learning of motor skills in children. 相似文献
90.
Belén Aranda-Martín María Ángeles Ballesteros-Duperón Juan Lupiáñez 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2022,113(3):718-738
From early ages, gaze acts as a cue to infer the interests, behaviours, thoughts and emotions of social partners. Despite sharing attentional properties with other non-social directional stimuli, such as arrows, gaze produces unique effects. A spatial interference task revealed this dissociation. The direction of arrows was identified faster on congruent than on incongruent direction-location trials. Conversely, gaze produced a reversed congruency effect (RCE), with faster identifications on incongruent than congruent trials. To determine the emergence of these gaze-specific attentional mechanisms, 214 Spanish children (4–17 years) divided into 6 age groups, performed the aforementioned task across three experiments. Results showed stimulus-specific developmental trajectories. Whereas the standard effect of arrows was unaffected by age, gaze shifted from an arrow-like effect at age 4 to a gaze-specific RCE at age 12. The orienting mechanisms shared by gaze and arrows are already present in 4-year olds and, throughout childhood, gaze becomes a special social cue with additional attentional properties. Besides orienting attention to a direction, as arrows would do, gaze might orient attention towards a specific object that would be attentionally selected. Such additional components may not fully develop until adolescence. Understanding gaze-specific attentional mechanisms may be crucial for children with atypical socio-cognitive development. 相似文献