负性情绪对压抑遗忘记忆的影响

该实验使用Think/No-think(T/NT)任务,从外显和内隐记忆两个方面探讨负性情绪、测试时间对压抑遗忘的影响。实验结果表明:在外显记忆成绩中情绪与T/NT任务的交互作用显著,在NT条件下中性词回忆的成绩优于负性词,同时,情绪的主效应显著,被试对中性词的记忆显著高于负性词。但是T/NT任务的主效应不显著,情绪×T/NT任务×测试时间的交互不显著。在内隐记忆成绩中,在所有条件下的记忆成绩均无显著性差异。     

不同模糊程度下的模糊决策的ERP研究

选取"二择一的选择任务",以风险决策任务为基线,对不同概率区间所代表的三种不同模糊程度(0-100%、20-80%、40-60%)下的模糊决策进行了神经机制上的探究,结果发现:(1)三种不同模糊程度下的模糊决策在脑电上不存在差异;(2)与三种不同模糊程度相对应出现的三种相同风险程度的风险决策,在脑电上的激活有所不同;(3)三种模糊程度下的模糊决策与相对应出现的三种相同风险程度的风险决策,只有在40～60%和50～50%的条件下,脑电上是存在差异的。这些结果表明:被试在做决策时所依赖的参照点是相对的而不是绝对的;在40～60%和50～50%条件下,被试的决策过程有冲突的,是最困难的。     

运动知识与概念知识概率学习下的内隐学习效应

研究采用序列学习范式,用反应时间接测量被试的内隐知识,问卷以及再认成绩直接测量被试的外显知识,并采用PDP测量被试的意识与无意识贡献率.结果表明:(1)无RSI条件下能习得一定的无意识知识,而在有RSI条件下习得的知识大部分能被外显地意识到.(2)当内隐序列学习中既包含运动知识又包含概念知识时,无RSI条件下易获得运动知识;而在有RSI条件下,如果时间充分且能协调注意资源,运动知识和概念知识均能有效学习.     

Driver performance effects of simultaneous visual and cognitive distraction and adaptation behavior

Driver distraction has become a major concern for transportation safety due to increasing use of infotainment systems in vehicles. To reduce safety risks, it is crucial to understand how fundamental aspects of distracting activities affect driver behavior at different levels of vehicle control. This study used a simulator-based experiment to assess the effects of visual, cognitive and simultaneous distraction on operational (braking, accelerating) and tactical (maneuvering) control of vehicles. Twenty drivers participated in the study and drove in lead-car following or passing scenarios under four distraction conditions: without distraction, with visual distraction, with cognitive distraction, and with simultaneous distraction. Results revealed higher perceived workload for passing than following. Simultaneous distraction was most demanding and also resulted in the greatest steering errors among distraction conditions during both driving tasks. During passing, drivers also appeared to slow down their responses to secondary distraction tasks as workload increased. Visual distraction was associated with more off-road glances (to an in-vehicle device) and resulted in high workload. Longer headway times were also observed under visual distraction, suggesting driver adaptation to the workload. Similarly, cognitive distraction also increased driver workload but this demand did not translate into steering errors as high as for visual distraction. In general, findings indicate that tactical control of a vehicle demands more workload than operational control. Visual and cognitive distractions both increase driver workload, but they influence vehicle control and gaze behavior in different ways.     

Comparing single-pool and multiple-pool designs regarding test security in computerized testing

This article compares the use of single- and multiple-item pools with respect to test security against item sharing among some examinees in computerized testing. A simulation study was conducted to make a comparison among different pool designs using the item selection method of maximum item information with the Sympson-Hetter exposure control and content balance. The results from the simulation study indicate that two-pool designs have a better degree of resistance to item sharing than do the single-pool design in terms of measurement precision in ability estimation. This article further characterizes the conditions under which employing a multiple-pool design is better than using a single, whole pool in terms of minimizing the number of compromised items encountered by examinees under a randomized item selection method. Although no current computerized testing program endorses the randomized item selection method, the results derived in this study can shed some light on item pool designs regarding test security for all item selection algorithms, especially those that try to equalize or balance item exposure rates by employing a randomized item selection method locally, such as the a-stratified-with-b-blocking method.     

内在锚与外在锚对锚定效应及其双加工机制的影响

通过2（外在锚类型：高锚VS低锚）×2（内在锚类型：有VS无）被试间设计,考察不同锚定信息来源：由外部世界提供的外在锚与个体自身内部产生的内在锚信息对锚定效应及其加工机制的影响。结果发现：（1）当内在锚不存在时,外在高低锚组的估计值有显著差异,当内在锚存在时此种差异变得不显著;（2）当内在锚存在时,外在高低锚组被试的答题反应时有显著差异,内在锚与外在锚一致时反应时比不一致时更快,当内在锚不存在时,此种差异变得不显著。实验结果表明,当锚定调整机制与选择通达机制同时存在时,前者更占优势;锚定信息一致性会影响不同加工机制的启动,一致的信息会激活选择通达机制,不一致的信息则会激活锚定调整机制。     

背景性质对7-10岁自闭症谱系障碍儿童面孔搜索与加工的作用

为了考察背景性质对ASD者搜索面孔的影响,设计两个眼动实验任务,要求14名7~10岁ASD儿童和20名同年龄正常儿童观看图片。实验一采用将面孔嵌入风景图片中引起语义不一致的刺激;实验二采用含有面孔的无意义背景乱序图片刺激。结果发现：（1）面孔与背景语义不一致并不能促进ASD儿童对面孔的搜索;（2）乱序背景对ASD儿童面孔搜索与加工没有产生干扰作用,但使正常儿童的搜索时间变长;（3）一旦觉察到面孔后,ASD儿童对面孔的注视时间少于正常儿童。表明正常儿童对面孔的搜索与加工受背景性质的影响,而ASD儿童不受背景性质的影响;一旦发现面孔,ASD儿童的注意维持较短,但面孔加工模式与正常儿童相似。     

青少年心理健康与心理素质培养的整合研究

青少年心理健康与心理素质培养的整合研究是重庆市人文社会科学重点研究基地西南大学心理健康教育研究中心十多年来确立的研究主题。围绕该主题我们不仅从理论到实证进行了较为系统的探讨,取得了一批有本土特色的研究成果,受到国内外学术界关注,而且重视把研究成果及时转化运用于教育实践,开发了系统测量工具,编写了系列教材,开展了青少年心理素质教育的实验探索,推动了学校心理健康教育积极有效的开展。文章主要从青少年心理健康与心理素质培养整合研究的理论依据、方法论思考、研究主题等方面,概括总结心理健康与心理素质培养整合研究的概况,以期进一步促进该领域的深化研究。     

自尊对情绪面孔注意偏向的影响

研究表明低自尊个体对负性信息表现出高度的警觉和关注,而高自尊个体相对来说注意积极地方面,但并未表现明显偏向。为了精确记录注意选择神经加工时间进程,进一步从电生理学角度对低自尊个体的负性注意偏向进行探讨,本研究运用事件相关电位（ERP）技术对不同自尊个体在点-探测任务过程中的注意偏向进行研究。实验一以129名在校大学生作为被试,以大学生面孔情绪图片（高兴、悲伤和中性）作为实验材料,结果发现,高低自尊个体之间没有出现注意偏向的差异。实验二以实验一筛选出的30名高低自尊个体作为被试,选择了更具负性情绪唤醒的愤怒图片作为实验材料（高兴、愤怒和中性）,行为数据结果发现,两组被试都没有出现注意偏向,相反,无论是在高兴面孔条件下还是在愤怒面孔条件下,低自尊个体的反应时都快于高自尊个体;电生理学数据结果发现,在低自尊个体中,在两种情绪面孔条件下,有效线索的P1峰值显著高于无效线索,而无效线索的N2pc峰值显著高于有效线索。电生理学数据表明,无论是负性的还是正性的情绪性的信息都能引起低自尊个体的更多注意,表明低自尊个体更容易受到情绪性信息的影响。     

音乐经验对言语加工能力的促进作用

以初中二年级的学生为考察对象,探讨了音乐经验对不同层次的言语加工能力的促进作用,发现：在声音信号的加工层面,音乐经验对音高和时长信息感知能力的发展都有积极的促进作用;在语音意识层面,音乐经验的促进作用只局限于声调意识;在言语记忆方面,音乐经验可以促进言语材料在长时记忆中的保持。