Teaching self-control to reduce overt food stealing by children with autism and developmental disorders

Food stealing is often a serious behavioral problem among children with diagnoses of autism and other developmental disorders. Very few empirical studies concerning this behavioral challenge have been reported. We applied a correspondence training procedure to teach self-control as replacement behavior to four children with autism and developmental disorders who displayed food stealing in the community. A changing criterion design embedded within a nonconcurrent multiple-probe across participants design was used. The treatment succeeded for all four participants by increasing latency to eating highly preferred food to a predetermined criterion and reducing occurrences of food stealing to zero. Three participants generalized the replacement behavior to natural settings and maintained the behavior for 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months. One participant without expressive language was taught successfully during treatment trials but failed to maintain and generalize the behavior. A functional relation between delaying food eating and Say-Do correspondence training was demonstrated.     

Attentional characteristics of different types of individuals with high self-esteem in self-threatening situations

The high self-esteem (HSE) heterogeneity hypothesis provides a new research perspective for investigating differences in the quantity and quality of different types of self-esteem. The present study adopted the emotional Stroop paradigm and the odd-one-out search task to explore how individuals with different types of self-esteem process social information in self-threatening situations. The results showed that individuals with different types of self-esteem had an attentional bias toward negative information and had different attentional biases toward angry faces in self-threatening situations. Individuals with fragile HSE and low self-esteem showed facilitated attention to angry faces and had difficulty drawing attention away from them; secure HSE individuals only showed difficulty disengaging attention from angry faces.

     

浅论《管子》中的宏观调控理论体系

《管子》中关于经济思想方面的内容较多,其从各个方面阐述了国家对经济进行宏观调控的必要性以及采取的各项政策和手段等,基本上形成了相对比较完整的宏观调控理论体系。其宏观调控理论对于中国古代社会的经济改革和管理都产生了很大的影响,在今天也具有积极的借鉴意义。     

孟姜女音乐是怎样形成的

孟姜女传说,自春秋晚期发端于齐都临淄城郊以来,历经各代传承与演义,时至明清趋于完善、成熟,并普及全国、享誉世界,从而成为我国著名的四大传说之一。该传说在广泛流播的过程中,逐渐催生出了许多孟氏体裁的民间文艺作品,其中民间音乐占有很大比重。这些音乐作品的形成,首先追溯到齐国的哭调和齐人对孟姜女原型杞梁妻遭遇的感叹之歌。自汉代至明清,孟姜女音乐产生、繁荣,随之出现了流行全国的孟姜女调,从而形成了孟姜女音乐系列。     

德性伦理学的行为者中心论

当代德性伦理学认为,德性伦理学的根本特征在于以行为者为基础或中心。斯罗特认为,以行为者为基础的德性伦理学仅仅诉诸于行为者本身,或者说是一种有着普遍仁爱动机的德者。以行为者为中心的基本论点则认为,德性伦理学强调具有一定德性品格的行为者在某种情形下一定会有的行为。并且认为,品格德性本身具有规范的意义。     

Predictors of Depressive Symptoms Among Children Affected by HIV in Rural China: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study

The current study was designed to examine the trend of depression among children affected by HIV (n = 1,221) in rural China over a period of 3 years and to explore baseline psychosocial factors that can predict depressive symptoms at 1- and 2-year follow-ups. Baseline depression score, trusting relationship with caregivers, perceived public stigma against children affected by HIV, and future expectation at baseline positively predicted the 1-year follow-up depression, while children’ self-report health status, self-esteem, and perceived social support negatively predicted depression at 1-year follow-up survey. Depression and self-report health status at baseline significantly predicted depression at the 2-year follow-up. The data in the current study suggested that depressive symptoms were chronic or recurring among some children affected by HIV/AIDS. The findings also underscore the importance of early identification, early intervention, and ongoing counseling for mental health problems among children affected by HIV/AIDS. Future psychological support programs need to target both mental health symptoms and resilient factors that will help these children to cope with adverse life events associated with HIV/AIDS.     

日本侵略战争中的宗教动员

一、日本神道教的宗教动员在历次侵略战争中,日本军国主义政府以神道教为国教,发动佛教及其他宗教实施宗教动员。1.神道教的宗教动员思想神道教主张“神国日本”在世界上的绝对优越性,具有领导全世界的责任和神圣使命感。天皇是创造日本国的天照大神的直系子孙,具有神权,是日本唯一正统的统治者,国民必须对天皇绝对崇敬和绝对服从。而且臣民必须“忠于天皇”、“敬神崇祖”、“灭私奉公”,甚至要求“一旦如有缓急,当义勇奉公,以扶翼天壤无穷之皇运”,即要求一旦遇有战争等非常事态,要为天皇制国家卖命。而以天皇名义发动的战争则是“圣战”,…     

社会主义荣辱观: 时代伦理精神的体现

"哲学是时代精神的体现",一个时代、一个历史时期的伦理精神同样体现在那个时代、那个历史时期的主导性道德观念之中.胡锦涛同志提出的以"八荣八耻"为主要内容的社会主义荣辱观,是我国在建构社会主义市场经济体制、建设社会主义和谐社会、落实科学发展观和实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史背景下提出的,集中反映了社会主义市场经济体制下我国社会道德建设的新的历史性要求,是建设社会主义和谐社会的强有力的道德精神保障.     

浅议医疗活动中的提醒

概述医疗活动中提醒对防范医疗差错的意义,结合心理学相关知识探讨各种提醒的方式方法.医疗活动中的提醒包括针对医务人员的提醒和针对患者的提醒,前者包括同行提醒和自我提醒.同行间个别提醒应注意时机和方式,应根据提醒的内容来决定集体提醒的规模,强调集体提醒载体的实用性.自我提醒包括记忆提醒和自我认识的提醒,介绍两种记忆提醒的方法,分析自我认知提醒困难的原因和对策.针对患者的提醒应强调礼貌原则,对其错误认识应及早提醒,并简述提醒管理对提醒的作用,以期对医护人员在医疗活动中的提醒实践起一定的参考作用.     

对以边沁、密尔为代表的功利主义的分析批判

边沁的功利主义为苦乐原理、效果论和功利原则这样三个理论基点所构成。这是一个有着内在逻辑困境的三原理。苦乐原理由于没有进行内在的质的区分,为密尔所修正,但密尔的修正突出了苦乐原理与效果论的内在不一致;同时,密尔以自我牺牲来补充功利主义,又暴露了功利主义原则的内在矛盾。还有,密尔以平等权利来为功利主义的最大幸福原理辩护,恰恰表明功利原则并非是可以成为一个理论的基础性原则或终极原则。斯马特的行动功利主义则进一步暴露了功利主义的非正义性特性。功利主义的这样三个典范表明仅仅诉诸功利原则无从走出内在逻辑困境。布兰特援引认知理论以及道义论原则,笔认为这才使功利主义从其困境中走出。