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Valerie A. Clarke Coral L. Ruffin David J. Hill Arthur L. Beamen 《Journal of applied social psychology》1992,22(8):638-656
Verbal expressions of probability are used in daily conversations, physician-physician and physician-patient communications, and questionnaire and interview responses. To assess the degree of agreement among English-speaking Australian adults in allocating numerical probabilities to these verbal expressions of probability, 966 interviewees provided estimates for 60 isolated expressions of probability and a sequence of seven items placed in a sequence. Means and median scores appeared to be consistent with common sense and with findings from other countries. Mirror-imaged terms were neither symmetrical nor equidistant, with the means and medians for the positive terms being closer to the mid-points of the scale than the means and medians of the negative terms. Items in a sequence of probability terms showed greater symmetry and less variability than isolated expressions. For most items, there was an unacceptably high level of within-subject and between-subject variability. Although subjects with higher levels of education and/ or mathematics education showed less variability, these factors accounted for very little of the variance. The greater variability in Australian results relative to those reported elsewhere was partly attributed to the use of interviews rather than questionnaires. There were no particular stems that yielded greater consistency. It was concluded that the use of these expressions leads to very imprecise communication. 相似文献
3.
Valerie P. Hans 《Current Psychology》1992,2(3):283-299
A comparative survey of jury selection practices in Britain and the United States indicates that the two countries differ
along a number of dimensions, including the emphasis on the jury selection process in the trial, the amount and type of information
available about prospective jurors, and the frequency with which trial lawyers alter the composition of the jury. The probable
impact of these differences is analysed by considering the importance of jury composition in determining a jury’s verdict,
the effectiveness of lawyers in exercising their challenges, and broader effects of jury selection procedures in the two countries. 相似文献
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5.
Criterion-related validity data for the Child Behavior Checklist—Teacher's Report Form are presented. These data were collected from a sample of elementary school boys. A total behavior problem score and individual factor scores were calculated from the checklist data and were related to indices of academic achievement and overall adjustment in the classroom. Significant correlations were established between the two sets of scores. The results were interpreted as supporting the criterion-related validity of the teacher-judgment measure and its use as a screening or diagnostic device in the school. 相似文献
6.
Valerie A. Hartouni 《希帕蒂亚:女权主义哲学杂志》1986,1(1):3-20
I would like to thank Donna Haraway, Barrie Thome, Daniel Scripture and, especially, Peter Euben for their many helpful comments and suggestions on various drafts of this article. I would also like to thank Thelma Francis for her generous support and encouragement. 相似文献
7.
Melissa A. Curran Valerie J. Young Nazlı Büşra Akçabozan Kayabol Casey J. Totenhagen 《Personal Relationships》2023,30(1):76-112
We conducted a systematic review of research on relational sacrifices in romantic relationships from 2002 to 2021 [N = 115 studies] to answer three questions: Q1: Whose voices and vantage points are represented in the research?; Q2: What types of questions are valued?; Q3: What are the reflections and connections about relational sacrifices that were learned during the review? To address Q1, we coded sample demographics of study participants on geographical location, race/ethnicity, education/income/SES, gender (i.e., gender differences explored and beyond gender binaries), sexual orientation, age, and disability, using a coding system of 1 (exclusion/absence) to 5 (focus on context-relevant experiences for underrepresented samples). Results for Q1 showed that the most frequent codes were 1 (exclusion/absence) for information about the samples' disability status, education/income/SES, and both codes for gender (i.e., gender differences explored and beyond gender binaries); when demographic information was reported, the most frequent codes were 2 (compensatory addition) for age, sexual orientation, geographical location, and race/ethnicity. To address Q2, we coded for aspects of the study designs and conceptual dimensions of sacrifice. Results for Q2 showed that a majority of the studies in our review used quantitative and close-ended measures emphasizing behavioral frequency of sacrifice. For Q3, we include our own reflections and connections about relational sacrifices, questioning research methods, and challenging assumptions drawn from existing research to move toward a more inclusive science. 相似文献
8.
When an observer views a moving scene binocularly, both motion parallax and binocular disparity provide depth information. In Experiments lA-1C, we measured sensitivity to surface curvature when these depth cues were available either individually or simultaneously. When the depth cues yielded comparable sensitivity to surface curvature, we found that curvature detection was easier with the cues present simultaneously, rather than individually. For 2 of the 6 subjects, this effect was stronger when the component of frontal translation of the surface was vertical, rather than horizontal. No such anisotropy was found for the 4 other subjects. If a moving object is observed binocularly, the patterns of optic flow are different on the left and right retinae. We have suggested elsewhere (Cornilleau-Pérès & Droulez, in press) that this motion disparity might be used as avisual cue for the perception of a 3-D structure. Our model consisted in deriving binocular disparity from the left and right distributions of vertical velocities, rather than from luminous intensities, as has been done in classical studies on stereoscopic vision. The model led to some predictions concerning the detection of surface curvature from motion disparity in the presence or absence of intensity-based disparity (classically termedbinocular disparity). In a second set of experiments, we attempted to test these predictions, and we failed to validate our theoretical scheme from a physiological point of view. 相似文献
9.
Christopher R. Agnew Vaida D. Thompson Valerie A. Smith Richard H. Gramzow David P. Currey 《Journal of applied social psychology》1993,23(24):2013-2042
A proximal-distal theoretical framework was developed to examine the multivariate roots of homophobia. Using data from a sample of 288 undergraduates who had participated in a computer-assisted panel study over a three-year period, the effects on homophobia of distal and proximal family factors (e. g., parental education and family environment), distal and proximal individual factors (e. g., personality constructs and current beliefs), and proximal individual-situational factors (e. g., acquaintance with homosexuals) were tested in regression analyses. Both analyses employing sets of variables varying in proximity to the homophobic attitude and hierarchical regression employing variables contributing significantly in each set supported the proposed framework. All sets predicted significantly when regressed separately on homophobia; the sets containing the distal factors contributed most weakly, and the sets containing the proximal factors contributed most strongly. In hierarchical regression analysis, this pattern maintained such that the incremental increase in r2 decreased with the addition of each more distal set, with the most distal factors failing to contribute significantly to the prediction. The importance of study findings for attitude change efforts is discussed. 相似文献
10.
Nancy A. Neef Jeffrey Lensbower Idil Hockersmith Valerie DePalma Kevin Gray 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1990,23(4):447-458
We analyzed the role of the range of variation in training exemplars as a contextual variable influencing the effects of in vivo versus simulation training in producing generalized responding. Four mentally retarded adults received single case instruction, followed by general case instruction, on washing machine and dryer use; one task was taught using actual appliances (in vivo) and the other using simulation. In vivo and simulation training were counterbalanced across the two tasks for the 2 subject pairs, using a within-subjects Latin square design. With both paradigms, more errors were made after single case than after general case instruction during probe sessions with untrained washing machines and dryers. These results suggest that generalization errors were affected by the range of training exemplars and not by the use of simulated versus natural training stimuli. Although both general case simulation and general case in vivo training facilitated generalized performance of laundry skills, an analysis of training time and costs indicated that the former approach was more efficient. The study illustrates a methodology for studying complex interactions and guiding decisions on the optimal use of instructional alternatives. 相似文献