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1.
It is well-known that patients having sustained frontal-lobe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are severely impaired on tests of emotion recognition. Indeed, these patients have significant difficulty recognizing facial expressions of emotion, and such deficits are often associated with decreased social functioning and poor quality of life. As of yet, no studies have examined the response patterns which underlie facial emotion recognition impairment in TBI and which may lend clarity to the interpretation of deficits. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize response patterns in facial emotion recognition in 14 patients with frontal TBI compared to 22 matched control subjects, using a task which required participants to rate the intensity of each emotion (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise and fear) of a series of photographs of emotional and neutral faces. Results first confirmed the presence of facial emotion recognition impairment in TBI, and further revealed that patients displayed a liberal bias when rating facial expressions, leading them to associate intense ratings of incorrect emotional labels to sad, disgusted, surprised and fearful facial expressions. These findings are generally in line with prior studies which also report important facial affect recognition deficits in TBI patients, particularly for negative emotions. 相似文献
2.
For animals to decide which prey to attack, the gain and delay of the food item must be integrated in a value function. However,
the subjective value is not obtained by expected profitability when it is accompanied by risk. To estimate the subjective
value, we examined choices in a cross-shaped maze with two colored feeders in domestic chicks. When tested by a reversal in
food amount or delay, chicks changed choices similarly in both conditions (experiment 1). We therefore examined risk sensitivity
for amount and delay (experiment 2) by supplying one feeder with food of fixed profitability and the alternative feeder with
high- or low-profitability food at equal probability. Profitability varied in amount (groups 1 and 2 at high and low variance)
or in delay (group 3). To find the equilibrium, the amount (groups 1 and 2) or delay (group 3) of the food in the fixed feeder
was adjusted in a total of 18 blocks. The Markov chain Monte Carlo method was applied to a hierarchical Bayesian model to
estimate the subjective value. Chicks undervalued the variable feeder in group 1 and were indifferent in group 2 but overvalued
the variable feeder in group 3 at a population level. Re-examination without the titration procedure (experiment 3) suggested
that the subjective value was not absolute for each option. When the delay was varied, the variable option was often given
a paradoxically high value depending on fixed alternative. Therefore, the basic assumption of the uniquely determined value
function might be questioned. 相似文献
3.
Aznar-Casanova JA Matsushima EH Ribeiro-Filho NP Da Silva JA 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2006,9(2):273-284
The aim of this study is twofold: on the one hand, to determine how visual space, as assessed by exocentric distance estimates, is related to physical space. On the other hand, to determine the structure of visual space as assessed by exocentric distance estimates. Visual space was measured in three environments: (a) points located in a 2-D frontoparallel plane, covering a range of distances of 20 cm; (b) stakes placed in a 3-D virtual space (range = 330 mm); and (c) stakes in a 3-D outdoors open field (range = 45 m). Observers made matching judgments of distances between all possible pairs of stimuli, obtained from 16 stimuli (in a regular squared 4 x 4 matrix). Two parameters from Stevens' power law informed us about the distortion of visual space: its exponent and its coefficient of determination (R2). The results showed a ranking of the magnitude of the distortions found in each experimental environment, and also provided information about the efficacy of available visual cues of spatial layout. Furthermore, our data are in agreement with previous findings showing systematic perceptual errors, such as the further the stimuli, the larger the distortion of the area subtended by perceived distances between stimuli. Additionally, we measured the magnitude of distortion of visual space relative to physical space by a parameter of multidimensional scaling analyses, the RMSE. From these results, the magnitude of such distortions can be ranked, and the utility or efficacy of the available visual cues informing about the space layout can also be inferred. 相似文献
4.
Da Silva JA Matsushima EH Aznar-Casanova JA Ribeiro-Filho NP 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2006,9(2):285-294
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether in natural environment, using very large physical distances, there is a trend to overconstancy for distance estimates during development. One hundred and twenty-nine children aged 5 to 13 years old and twenty-one adults (in a control group), participated as observers. The observer's task was to bisect egocentric distances, ranging from 1.0 to 296.0 m, presented in a large open field. The analyses focused on two parameters, constant errors and variable errors, such as measuring accuracy and precision, respectively. A third analysis focused on the developmental pattern of shifts in constancy as a function of age and range of distances. Constant error analysis showed that there are two relevant parameters for accuracy, age, and range of distances. For short distances, there are three developmental stages: 5-7 years, when children have unstable responses, 7-11, underconstancy, and 13 to adulthood, when accuracy is reached. For large distances, there is a two-stage development: 5-11 years, with severe underconstancy, and beyond this age, with mild underconstancy. Variable errors analyses indicate that precision is noted for 7 year-old children, independently of the range of distances. The constancy analyses indicated that there is a shift from constancy (or slightly overconstancy) to underconstancy as a function of physical distance for all age groups. The age difference is noted in the magnitude of underconstancy that occurs in larger distances, where adults presented lower levels of underconstancy than children. The present data were interpreted as due to a developmental change in cognitive processing rather than to changes in visual space perception. 相似文献
5.
Preference for biological motion in domestic chicks: sex-dependent effect of early visual experience
To examine the effects of early visual experience on preference for biological motion (BM), newly hatched chicks were exposed to a point-light animation (a visual stimulus composed of identical light points) depicting the following features of a hen: a walking hen (a BM stimulus), a rotating hen (a non-BM stimulus), a pendulum stimulus, a random motion stimulus and a stationary pattern. Chicks were then tested in a binary choice task, choosing between walking-hen and rotating-hen stimuli. Males exhibited a preference for BM if they had been trained with any animation except the stationary pattern stimulus, suggesting that the BM preference was not learned, but induced by motion stimuli. We found a significant positive correlation between the number of approaches in training and the preference in the test, but locomotion alone did not cause preference for BM. In contrast, females exhibited a particularly strong preference for walking-hen stimuli, but only when they had been trained with it. Furthermore, females (but not males) trained with random motion showed a preference for walking hen over walking cat (a biological motion animation depicting a cat), possibly suggesting that females are choosier than males. Chicks trained with a stationary pattern and untrained controls did not show a significant preference. The induction of BM preference is discussed in terms of possible ecological background of the sex differences. 相似文献
6.
一岁半到二岁半婴儿交涉行为与交换性行为的形成──中日婴幼儿“所有”行为的结构及其发展研究之一 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本研究分别在中国和日本对一岁半到二岁半的婴儿进行自然观察,分析了婴儿之间围绕着某些资源而发生的交涉行为和交换性行为的发生过程及其发展上特点。主要结果有①中日婴儿到2岁左右时开始出现交涉行为和交换性行为,但在该年龄阶段并不占有主导地位。②该年龄阶段婴儿的交换性行为还不能说是完整意义上的交换,属于“前交换行为”。③对于获得对方的东西来说,该年龄阶段婴儿的交涉行为和交换性行为并不是很有效的方式。④我们进行观察的中国幼儿园托儿班的婴儿其交涉行为和交换性行为的出现早于日本保育园的婴儿,但从交涉行为出现的比例来看,日本婴儿采用交涉行为的倾向比中国婴儿更明显。 相似文献
7.
Aznar-Casanova JA Matsushima EH Da Silva JA Ribeiro-Filho NP 《Perception & psychophysics》2008,70(3):541-550
We conducted two psychophysical experiments to investigate the relationship between processing mechanisms for exocentric distance and direction. In the first experiment, the task was to discriminate exocentric distances. In the second one, the task was to discriminate exocentric directions. The individual effects of distance and direction on each task were dissociated by analyzing their corresponding psychophysical functions. Under stereoscopic-viewing conditions, distance judgments of exocentric intervals were not affected by exocentric direction. However, direction judgments were influenced by the distance between the pair of stimuli. Therefore, themechanism processing exocentric direction is dependent on exocentric distance, but the mechanism processing exocentric distance does not require exocentric direction measures. As a result, we suggest that exocentric distanceand directionare hierarchically processed, with distance preceding direction. Alternatively, and more probably, a necessary condition for processing the exocentric direction between two stimuli may be to know the location of each of them. 相似文献
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9.
Yamamoto T 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2012,46(3):424-429
I will make a brief comment on the thesis of José C. Loredo-Narciandi and José C. Sánchez-González (2012) “Neither Dichotomies Nor Dualism; Simply Genesis”. Denying any reductionism and reification, they insists the importance
of inseparable relation between subject and object, then discuss about genesis. I pointed out that their argument lacks an
important element, i.e., mediator that differ from mere physical object. After discussing mediators nature, I discriminate
the three level of interaction which mediated by mediator. The first is the pre-interaction level, the second is physical
interaction level and the third is sign or language interaction level. The last argument of mine is about how we can solve
the problem of reification and reductionism. In the argument it is pointed out that intersubjectivity is key concept for understanding
and solving the problem appropriately. 相似文献
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