First-Order and Second-Order Change in Rational-Emotive Therapy: A Reply to Lyddon

Lyddon (1990) claimed that rational-emotive therapy (RET) and other kinds of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) are in “the rationalist camp,” are realistic rather than constructivist, and focus on the elimination of emotional responses to irrational cognitions. His allegations about CBT practices are questionable, and he ignores the fact that RET is not merely realistic and empirical in disputing clients' irrational beliefs but is in several respects one of the most constructivist of the psychotherapies.     

Introduction—Accountability or A-ccount-ability?

Guest Editors Larry Ellis and William Prochnow introduce this special issue of JEC by raising questions and issues of accountability that affect all professionals in employment counseling. Past accountability definitions hare been narrowly defined using accomplishmen/cost approaches. The Manpower Administration has attempted to use this approach in the provision of and justification for counseling services. Positive outcome data have been obtained for counseled applicants, but the counseling function is still being questioned. This article proposes expanding the concept of counselor accountability and introduces a multi-approach to accountability.     

An efficient punched-card method of computing epsilonX,epsilonX2, epsilonXY,and higher moments

A method of computing X, X ², XY and higher moments on IBM equipment is described. The basic method is that of successively summary punching, collating a variable number of blank cards behind these summary cards, gang-punching the data from the summary cards into the blank cards, and totalling the entries on these summary cards. The method appears to have several advantages over those previously described, especially if coded data are used.