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We investigated longitudinally the effects of a stroke on the social support systems and well-being of the patient's primary support person, both acutely and as the condition stabilized. Individuals who had suffered a first stroke and a primary support person participated in two waves of data collection, carried out in 6-month intervals beginning 7 weeks after the stroke. Our data show that the prevalence of depressive symptoms is from 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 times higher than rates found among representative samples of middle-aged and elderly populations. Mean level of depression did not change over time, although level of optimism declined significantly. Multiple regression analyses showed that levels of depression and perceived burden in support persons are highly related to aspects of the stroke such as its severity, and that demographic variables such as age and income play a relatively minor role in attenuating these relations in the acute adjustment phase. However, from 7 to 9 months after the stroke, well-established demographic variables such as health, income, and age were significant predictors of depression. Individuals who were older and who had good health and higher incomes were least depressed. 相似文献
3.
Marc A. Zimmerman Barbara A. Israel Amy Schulz Barry Checkoway 《American journal of community psychology》1992,20(6):707-727
Developed empowerment theory and replicated previous research on citizen participation and perceived control. Few investigators have designed studies that specifically test empowerment theory. This research further extends a theoretical model of psychological empowerment that includes intrapersonal, interactional, and behavioral components, by studying a large randomly selected urban and suburban community sample and examining race differences. Results suggest that one underlying dimension that combines different measures of perceived control may be interpreted as the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment, because it distinguishes groups defined by their level of participation in community organizations and activities (behavioral component). The association found between the intrapersonal and behavioral components is consistent with empowerment theory. Interaction effects between race groups and participation suggest that participation may be more strongly associated with the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment for African Americans than for white individuals. Implications for empowerment theory and intervention design are discussed.
The authors express appreciation to Steven Rosenstone who was the Principal Investigator for the Detroit Area Study from which the data for our study is based. We also thank Deborah A. Salem and the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. 相似文献
4.
Richard Schulz Connie A. Tompkins Dan Wood Susan Decker 《Journal of applied social psychology》1987,17(4):401-428
The emphasis of much of the existing research on social support-health relationships has been on the availability and impact of support on the recipient, but social psychologists have paid little attention to the costs to the caregiver of providing that support. In an earlier study (Schulz & Decker, 1985), we found that the long-term coping of individuals experiencing chronic disability as a result of spinal-cord injury was facilitated by the availability of a primary support person, or caregiver. In this study we examined the determinants of well-being of the primary caregiver of the middle-aged and elderly spinal-cord-injured persons. Psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and depression were the dependent measures. The availability of social support, social contact, and feelings of control over one's life were important determinants of caregiver well-being, even after controlling for health and income. In addition, the amount of time spent each day assisting the disabled person was a strong independent correlate of depression, and the extent to which the caregiver felt burdened by the victim was significantly and negatively related to life satisfaction. These results are discussed in the context of a comprehensive stress-coping model. Since data were available from both disabled individuals and their primary support persons, we had the unique opportunity to compare the perspectives of both those giving and receiving daily care. We found no relationship in levels of psychological well-being and depression reported by the disabled person and caregiver; however, caregivers attributed to the victims affective levels similar to their own. 相似文献
5.
Treatment of status epilepticus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H Schulz 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1970,22(1):29-32
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Timothy H. Monk Jeffrey E. Fookson Jacob Kream Margaret L. Moline Charles P. Pollak Muriel B. Weitzman 《Behavior research methods》1985,17(1):19-26
Cornell University Medical College, Westchester Division, The New York Hospital, White Plains, New York It is well established that there is a complex timekeeping mechanism in the human brain. This mechanism is associated with a variety of physiological and psychological rhythms having a period of about a day, and thus referred to as circadian rhythms. The circadian system has recently been modeled in terms of two underlying oscillators, one much more resistant to changes in routine than the other. These oscillators are considered to be endogenous, that is, internal to the organism, and not reliant for their existence upon changes in the person’s environment or general behavior. They thus continue to run even when the sleep/wake cycle is suspended, as in sustained operations. Thus, by their very nature, sustained operations require the individual to override the inputs that are coming from his or her circadian system (especially the indication that sleep is required). The aim of this paper is to provide a background to the area of circadian rhythms research, including a section on the methodology, so that the impact of the circadian system on sustained operations can be better understood. 相似文献
9.
M Schulz 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1979,31(4):213-216
He was born in Hamburg on 21st August 1898 and beheaded in the Pl?tzensee penitentiary on 13th May 1943. Our colleague was a personality combining professional striving and political commitment into a dialectic unity. The more important biographic data are given, the co-operation in the Schulze-Boysen-Harnack organisation is described as far as it has become known, and Rittmeister's scientific works are mentioned. 相似文献
10.
Thomas Schulz 《Psychological research》1979,40(4):377-395
Summary The Stroop-phenomenon in its single-trial reaction-time version is analyzed in terms of Donders's additive-components approach. The complete set of component tasks forms an incomplete factorial design, and so, for resolving reaction times into their component parts multiple regression with dummy coding is used. The results of two independent experiments confirm the asymmetry of the incongruence effect in naming and reading, but contradict the redundancy hypothesis for congruent items. This finding is consistent with the linear approach which in Exp. 1 accounts for about 45%, and in Exp. 2 for about 30%, of total reaction-time variance. In a third experiment reaction times for the detection of colours/words and for congruence/incongruence are measured. These data confirm the estimation of both the basic constant and the assumed matching component in the first two experiments. Finally it is proposed that the data can be interpreted on the assumption that a matching process is responsible for the incongruence effect in naming. Reading interference does not normally occur because of faster processes or fewer stages in a parallel reading channel. Different strategies in coping with the Strooptask (reading vs inhibition) may explain differences between Exps. 1 and 2 and the absence of the redundancy effect from the data. The constraints on such assumptions in the context of reaction-time measurement are discussed.Parts of the data analyzed here were reported at the 18th Congress of Experimental Psychology in April 1976 at Bochum. K.P. Muthig, now at the Free University of Berlin, Dpt. 12, helped in the performance and analysis of the first and third experiments.I gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of O. Neumann (Bochum) and of three anonymous reviewers of an earlier version of this paper. 相似文献