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Self-injurious behavior (SIB) and aggression have been the concern of researchers because of the serious impact these behaviors have on individuals' lives. Despite the plethora of research on the treatment of SIB and aggressive behavior, the reported findings have been inconsistent regarding the effectiveness of reinforcement-based versus punishment-based procedures. We conducted a literature review to determine whether a trend could be detected in researchers' selection of reinforcement-based procedures versus punishment-based procedures, particularly since the introduction of functional analysis to behavioral assessment. The data are consistent with predictions made in the past regarding the potential impact of functional analysis methodology. Specifically, the findings indicate that, once maintaining variables for problem behavior are identified, experimenters tend to choose reinforcement-based procedures rather than punishment-based procedures as treatment for both SIB and aggressive behavior. Results indicated an increased interest in studies on the treatment of SIB and aggressive behavior, particularly since 1988. 相似文献
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Adequate knowledge and personal attitudes towards DNA-testing are major determinants of optimal utilization of genetic testing.
This study aims to (1) assess the genetic knowledge and attitude towards genetic testing of patients with asthma, diabetes
mellitus type II and cardiovascular diseases, (2) determine whether their knowledge or attitude changed since 2002, and (3)
investigate the predictive role of knowledge on attitude. Data were collected within the Panel of Patients with Chronic Diseases
in 2002 and 2004, resulting in 398 data-pairs. Results show that factual knowledge mainly relates to associations between
genes and diseases, less is known on associations between genes, chromosomes, cells and body. The perceived knowledge on DNA-testing
has not increased since 2002. The attitude towards genetic testing also appeared to be rather consistent. Less perceived medical
genetic knowledge and more perceived social genetic knowledge were found predictive for a more reserved attitude towards genetic
testing. In conclusion, advanced developments in the field of genetics are not accompanied by increased knowledge of patients
with common multi-factorial diseases. The finding that more perceived social genetic knowledge results in more reluctance
can be considered an indicator for the necessity of social debates on genetic testing. 相似文献
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This study examined the construct validity of the Dutch version of Buss and Perry’s Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) in 73 adolescent male offenders aged 12 to 18 years who were participating in a residential rehabilitation program. There was a strong positive association between the Hostility subscale of the AQ and psychological and physical symptoms. The nature of this connection was discussed. It was argued that the Hostility subscale measures some unique aspect of aggression that is not incorporated by the Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, or Anger subscales of the AQ. As expected, the AQ scales correlated significantly with trait anger, social desirability, and age. Furthermore, staff ratings of physical violence, verbal aggression, anger, and negative attitude were obtained for each subject. Correlations between the AQ scales and these ratings were low. Possible explanations for this unexpected finding are discussed. Finally, normative and internal structure data are presented. Aggr. Behav. 28:87–96, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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