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1.
Lewis E. Gilbert 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1998,11(1-2):4-15
As the complexity of the challenges presented by our interactions with our planet continues to grow, we must develop new modes
of knowledge production. In these modes, distinctions between multidisciplinary and inter-disciplinary activities and processes
have renewed importance. There are at least two distinct types of interdisciplinary activities distinguished by the disciplinary
breadth they attempt to bridge. In the narrow case, reductionist processes reveal a common underlying principle or process
which can serve as a Rosetta stone. In the broad case, no such common arbiter exists. Investigators must develop integrating
vocabulary in the context of the full breadth of their work.
His primary activities are the fostering of university-wide interdisciplinary research and curriculum programs focused on
global change with the goal of developing Columbia into a world leader in issues related to global stewardship. 相似文献
2.
Christopher D. Adams Anthony Dickinson 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1981,33(2):109-121
In two experiments, hungry rats were given instrumental lever-press training for an appetitive reinforcer and, in addition, were exposed to another type of food which was not contingent on lever pressing. In the first experiment, exposure to each type of food was on separate days, whereas in the second experiment rats were exposed to each type of food in strict alternation within each session. Subsequently, a food aversion was conditioned to the reinforcer for the experimental group and to the non-contingent food for the control group. In both experiments, animals with an aversion to the reinforcer responded less in an extinction test than animals with an aversion to the non-contingent food. Subsequent reacquisition tests confirmed that the aversion to the non-contingent food in the control group was of comparable strength with that to the reinforcer in the experimental group. The results were discussed in terms of whether the reinforcer is encoded in the associative structure set up by exposure to an instrumental contingency. 相似文献
3.
Marcellus M Merritt Gary G Bennett Redford B Williams Christopher L Edwards John J Sollers 《Health psychology》2006,25(3):364-369
This study evaluated cardiovascular responses (CVR) to an active speech task with blatantly discriminatory (BRC) versus neutral (NRC) stimuli and an anger recall task in a sample of Black men (N = 73; age 18 to 47). Diastolic blood pressure scores were higher for NRC versus BRC stimuli during anger recall (p = .05). Moreover, persons in the NRC group who perceived high levels of racism (vs. no racism or BRC group) during active speech showed larger increases in blood pressure across postspeech rest, anger recall, and subsequent rest (p = .03). The notable elevation in CVR in response to an ambiguous event extends current models of racism suggesting that subtle racism is a psychosocial stressor that erodes health through chronically elevated CVR. 相似文献
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Alan Garnham Jane Oakhill Kate Cain 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1997,50(1):149-162
Two experiments investigated the interpretation of anaphoric noun phrases, and in particular those thatcould only be linked to their antecedents via knowledge-based inferences. The first experiment showed that much of the inferential processing was carried out as the anaphoric noun phrase was read, although there was some indication that inferential processing continued to the end of the clause. The second experiment attempted to establish why anaphoric noun phrases that are more specific than their antecedents cause problems. It showed that the difficulty did not lie in adding the extra information carried by the anaphor to the representation of the referent. Rather, we suggest, putting extra information in the anaphoric noun phrase disrupts the process of linking that noun phrase to its antecedent. 相似文献
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Alan C. Elms 《Journal of personality》1988,56(1):19-40
ABSTRACT The first genuine psychobiography, Sigmund Freud's Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood (1910/1957b), presented several important guidelines for psychobiographical research Among them were the rejection both of pathography and of idealization, and the avoidance both of arguments built upon a single clue and of strong conclusions based upon inadequate data Though the guidelines are sound, Freud violated those guidelines in the very work where they first appeared Freud's methodological errors and his “obsession” with the Leonardo book are traced in part to his projective identification with Leonardo, incorporating aspects of his own sexual history and his anxieties about the future of the psychoanalytic movement 相似文献