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1.
Past research indicates that Type A's and B's differ in their behavioral responses to lack of control. The present study examined perceptual judgments of noncontingency in an attempt to clarify further the role of a control dynamic in Type A-B differences. Type A's and B's assumed the role of either an actor or an observer on a standard contingency judgment task. Consistent with previous research, both Type A's and B's exhibited an illusion of control when in the role of actor. Only Type B's exhibited an illusion of control when observing another person perform the task. Additional analyses indicated that the absence of an illusion of control by Type A observers reflected accuracy rather than a motivational distortion. Mood was also found to mediate control judgments, but only for actors. The plausibility of a memory-based interpretation for the mood effects is discussed. 相似文献
2.
M J Strube C L Lott R Heilizer B Gregg 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1986,50(2):403-412
We investigated the control judgments of Type A and B actors and observers after five tasks in which actual response-outcome contingency and success were varied systematically. Results indicated that, overall, actors provided higher control judgments than did observers, and both actual contingency and success influenced judged control. Type A and B actors did not differ in their self-perceptions of control but observers judged the Type A actors to have exerted more control than the Type B actors, primarily on positive contingency tasks. These findings suggest that Type As, because of their more active, dynamic style, may be credited by observers with more control or competence than is warranted. By contrast, the more relaxed style of the Type B may lead to lower than warranted evaluations of control or competence. Lastly, Type As were found to learn the contingencies better than Type Bs with important implications for the actual exercise of control. 相似文献
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Personality-trait descriptions of differentially liked persons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
4.
Relationship of induced motion and apparent straight-ahead shifts to optokinetic stimulus velocity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Induced motion (IM) of a fixated spot stimulus and shifts of the apparent straight-ahead (ASA) from the objective median plane were studied as a function of the velocity of a full-field optokinetic background stimulus. Both IM and ASA were influenced similarly by changes in stimulus velocity. The magnitude of both responses, averaged across subjects, increased to a peak level with background velocities of 40-80 deg/sec and decreased at higher velocities. Individual subjects differed with respect to the precise functions by which IM and ASA shifts were related to stimulus velocity. However, for individual subjects, the effects of velocity on IM and ASA shifts were typically highly correlated. Although IM is correlated with shifts of ASA in the opposite direction, the magnitude of the ASA shift is insufficient to account for the observed IM. 相似文献
5.
Bernice N. Ezeilo 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1981,31(1):71-80
The study examined the suitability of Furth's nonverbal conservation test as a psychometric tool for measuring individual differences in Zambia. The subjects included normal and mentally deficient Zambian children aged 7–13 years. The test was validated against age differentiation, differentiation of different intellectual levels, and school performance. The results showed that scores on the test increased significantly with increase in age, correlated positively and significantly with school scores, and differentiated normal from mentally deficient children. Within the normal sample the test also differentiated dull from average children; within the deficient sample the test did not differentiate the moderately mentally deficient from the severely mentally deficient. These results are explained by reference to the characteristics of the test, performance on which requires learning, memory, and perceptual abilities. 相似文献
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Bicard DF Lott V Mills J Bicard S Baylot-Casey L 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2012,45(1):205-210
This study examined the effects of text messaging class arrival to an academic counselor on the attendance and punctuality of 4 college student athletes. Each participant had a history of class tardiness and was considered to be at risk for academic failure. Class attendance and punctuality improved for all participants. 相似文献
8.
Isabell Büschel Rostane Mehdi Anne Cammilleri Yousri Marzouki Bernice Elger 《Science and engineering ethics》2014,20(3):639-658
This article is the result of an international research between law and ethics scholars from Universities in France and Switzerland, who have been closely collaborating with technical experts on the design and use of information and communication technologies in the fields of human health and security. The interdisciplinary approach is a unique feature and guarantees important new insights in the social, ethical and legal implications of these technologies for the individual and society as a whole. Its aim is to shed light on the tension between secrecy and transparency in the digital era. A special focus is put from the perspectives of psychology, medical ethics and European law on the contradiction between individuals’ motivations for consented processing of personal data and their fears about unknown disclosure, transferal and sharing of personal data via information and communication technologies (named the “privacy paradox”). Potential benefits and harms for the individual and society resulting from the use of computers, mobile phones, the Internet and social media are being discussed. Furthermore, the authors point out the ethical and legal limitations inherent to the processing of personal data in a democratic society governed by the rule of law. Finally, they seek to demonstrate that the impact of information and communication technology use on the individuals’ well-being, the latter being closely correlated with a high level of fundamental rights protection in Europe, is a promising feature of the socalled “e-democracy” as a new way to collectively attribute meaning to large-scale online actions, motivations and ideas. 相似文献
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