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The manipulation of stimulus significance, by instructions from the experimenter, may be taken as an example of verbal conditioning. Consideration of such a mechanism suggested that personality effects previously found in conditioning studies should be apparent in instructional manipulations of significance in a study of the orienting response (OR) to words. Because of recent changes in dimensioning of the personality structure, some of the items originally used to define Eysenck’s extraversion (E) dimension are now used to assess the new dimension of psychoticism (P), suggesting that at least some of the established effects of E upon conditioning may be associated now with P. Hence the P scale was focused on in this study. Words differing on the evaluative dimension of the semantic differential were presented in three blocks, the first under indifferent instructions, the second under instructions to rate the words for their affective impact, and the third under indifferent instructions again. These blocks correspond to baseline, conditioning, and extinction conditions respectively. Electrodermal activity indicated enhanced conditioning, together with greater carry-over effects in the extinction phase, for low-P compared with high-P subjects. The results indicate the importance of personality effects in studies of stimulus significance and illustrate the value of the verbal conditioning mechanism in this area of the OR field. They also suggest the need to re-examine previously obtained E-effects in conditioning studies in light of changing personality tests. 相似文献
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David A. Julian Teresa W. Julian Barry J. Mastrine Pauline Wessa Elizabeth Atkinson 《American journal of community psychology》1992,20(6):799-809
Analyzed case records to determine the costs and service usage patterns for a group of 25 youth randomly selected from the case load of a regional mental health agency. Study participants had extensive histories of publicly supported psychiatric hospitalizations. An average of 36.2 contacts per youth (905 total contacts) with human services providers were documented. Approximately 2 out of every 5 contacts resulted in out-of-home placements. The estimated cost of providing services to the 25 youth exceeded 3 million dollars. The types and costs of treatment services provided to study participants are discussed. 相似文献
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C. Barry Jay 《Studia Logica》1989,48(3):389-393
The internal language of a monoidal category yields simple proofs of results about a natural numbers object therein. 相似文献
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Based on results of an experiment, hypotheses are tested concerning the effects of computer use on decision commitment. The
experiment required subjects to make an adoption decision regarding a hypothetical government agency's innovation. Subjects
could choose from a variety of information sets, some computer based, some not, before making the decision. After their decision
the subjects were given “new evidence” that contradicted their initial position. Two experimental treatments included more
difficult access to the computer-based information and higher cost for the computer-based information. Results indicate that
access difficulty diminishes confidence in decisions and leads to lesser commitment. However, the cost of the computer information
seems to have little bearing on decision commitment.
Barry Bozeman is director of the Technology and Information Policy Program of the Maxwell School of Public Affairs, Syracuse
University, Syracuse NY 13244-4010. There he is professor of public policy and administration and affiliate professor of engineering.
His research has focused on organization theory and public management, science and technology policy, and the use of technical
information in decision-making.
R.F. Shangraw, Jr. is vice president of Independent Project Analysis, Inc., Great Falls, Virginia. Previously, he was assistant
professor of public administration at Syracuse University. His research interests include information management, decision-making,
and public policy applications of expert systems. 相似文献
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One of the most puzzling features of “hyperactivity” in children is the importance of activity itself. Generalized overactivity has not been found to be a valid diagnostic marker. Could some qualitative features of activity be important determinants of the perceived quantity of activity? The analogue study reported here derives from a social-psychological hypothesis that anything that makes a behavior more noticeable or distracting can create an illusion of increased movement. Subjects performed a simple cognitive task while watching short films of adult actors. Two variables were manipulated: (a) The sound level was either loud or quiet, and (b) instructions to subjects were varied so that the behaviors shown were perceived as either appropriate or inappropriate. Results strongly supported the hypothesis. Loudness and contextual inappropriateness made the films more distracting, produced higher ratings of the amount of movement observed, and led to more negative evaluations of the behaviors seen. Implications for assessment and intervention are discussed. 相似文献
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R. Barry Ruback Timothy S. Carr Charles H. Hopper 《Journal of applied social psychology》1986,16(5):375-386
Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of perceived control in two men's prisons, one housing 181 inmates and the other housing 623 inmates. In both prisons, inmates' perceived control over the environment was found to be significantly related to their ratings of their living accommodations, experienced stress, and physical symptoms, even when type of cell was held constant. 相似文献