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1.
Shape-from-shadow perception fails when the contour bordering a shadowed area is reduced to a black line, and the shadow area becomes white. It might be that the polarity of the shadowed and illuminated areas has to be from dark on the shadowed side to light on the illuminated side for successful perception. Or it may be that the line, which has two contours, has one too many for shape-from-shadow processing. Alternatively, the problem might be that one of the contours of the line is incorrectly polarised. To test these explanations, three shape-from-shadow figures were prepared, each depicting the same referent--an elderly person. All three figures had two correctly polarised areas. One figure had a correctly polarised contour at the border between the areas. One had two correctly polarised contours. The other had one correctly polarised contour and one incorrectly polarised contour. The referent of the figure with one incorrectly polarised contour was the one difficult to make out. The result has implications for several theories, including an account of a demonstration by Hering involving penumbra. 相似文献
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中小学生认知能力发展水平测验的研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以皮亚杰的认知发展理论为基础,采用皮亚杰及其学生研究认知发展时的任务为测验题目,编制成测量中小学生认知能力发展水平的测验.通过对2240名中小学生施测,结果表明本测验不仅具有很好的信度和效度,而且也具有适中的难度.然后以一所中学特长班学生为被试,通过对他们进行测量,并将测验结果与同年级普通班学生的认知成绩进行比较,结果存在很明显的差异.最后对中小学生认知能力发展水平测量问题进行了探讨. 相似文献
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执行功能中认知灵活性发展的研究进展 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
近十多年以来,执行功能已成为研究的热点和前沿。认知灵活性是执行功能的主要成分,它对个体能力发展和对环境适应的方面起着重要作用。该文从认知灵活性的本质、发展、研究方法及其与教育的关系进行探讨。 相似文献
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高效率学习的心理机制研究 总被引:18,自引:1,他引:18
本课题通过一系列研究,发现要实现高效率学习,应在知识呈现符合学生认识规律的情况下,具备以下五个主要心理要素:选择性注意是实现高效率学习的前提,元认知是高效率学习的监控系统,非智力因素是高效率学习的动力源泉,学习策略是实现高效率学习的保障,内隐认知,特别是内隐学习是高效率学习的特殊形式。 相似文献
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Shen D Liversedge SP Tian J Zang C Cui L Bai X Yan G Rayner K 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2012,18(2):192-202
The effect of spacing in relation to word segmentation was examined for four groups of non-native Chinese speakers (American, Korean, Japanese, and Thai) who were learning Chinese as second language. Chinese sentences with four types of spacing information were used: unspaced text, word-spaced text, character-spaced text, and nonword-spaced text. Also, participants' native languages were different in terms of their basic characteristics: English and Korean are spaced, whereas the other two are unspaced; Japanese is character based whereas the other three are alphabetic. Thus, we assessed whether any spacing effects were modulated by native language characteristics. Eye movement measures showed least disruption to reading for word-spaced text and longer reading times for unspaced than character-spaced text, with nonword-spaced text yielding the most disruption. These effects were uninfluenced by native language (though reading times differed between groups as a result of Chinese reading experience). Demarcation of word boundaries through spacing reduces non-native readers' uncertainty about the characters that constitute a word, thereby speeding lexical identification, and in turn, reading. More generally, the results indicate that words have psychological reality for those who are learning to read Chinese as a second language, and that segmentation of text into words is more beneficial to successful comprehension than is separating individual Chinese characters with spaces. 相似文献
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John Y. H. Bai Sarah Cowie Anne C. Macaskill Douglas Elliffe Christopher A. Podlesnik 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2020,113(2):363-389
It is widely assumed that reinforcers are biologically relevant stimuli, or stimuli that have been associated with biologically relevant stimuli. However, brief, arbitrary stimuli have also been reported to have reinforcement-like effects, despite being unrelated to biologically relevant stimuli like food. The present study explored the potential reinforcement-like effects of brief stimuli across 5 experiments. In Experiments 1 through 4, pigeon subjects responded for food reinforcement and brief stimulus presentations in a 2-component multiple schedule. Neither baseline response rates nor resistance to change during disruption tests were systematically greater in a component with versus without brief stimulus presentations. Increasing the rate and duration of brief stimulus presentations in Experiment 4 did not reveal reinforcement-like effects when compared directly with food. In Experiment 5, pigeons chose between independent terminal links in a concurrent-chains procedure. Across conditions, varying the location, duration, and rate of brief stimulus presentations in the terminal links had no systematic effects on preference. In contrast, varying rates of food reinforcers resulted in large and reliable shifts in preference. Therefore, the present study found no systematic evidence that brief stimuli unrelated to food reliably increase response rates, resistance to change, or preference. These data demonstrate the value of systematic replication, and a behavioral momentum approach to assessing potential reinforcement-like effects. 相似文献
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基于目前广泛应用的动物实验伦理3R和5F原则,通过深入分析已有运动干预文献中的动物运动模型构建方法,分别就运动模型建立前实验动物的选取,运动模式、运动剂量的确定,模型建立过程中不同阶段不同运动形式所涉及的伦理问题,以及实验动物安乐死等各个方面进行伦理分析,探讨伦理关怀在动物运动模型建立中的必要性和重要性。运动模型的构建作为研究运动干预的关键环节是极其重要的,此建立过程中涉及到诸多动物实验伦理问题。
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