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Murray DJ Boudreau N Burggraf KK Dobell L Guger SL Leask A Stanford L Tate TL Wheeler M 《Memory & cognition》1999,27(2):234-245
In a series of experiments on immediate probed recognition for eight 3-digit numbers, it was shown that if the target modality involved auditory components and the effect of the similarity of the modality of the probe to that of the targets was controlled, unequivocal evidence was obtained for an auditory superiority effect (modality effect) for hit rates for the final items of the list. Moreover, false-alarm rates were significantly lower following targets with an auditory component than they were following silently seen targets. It is argued that this pattern of hits and false alarms is consistent with the idea that targets that have an auditory component yield memory representations that are better grouped as units than are those for targets that are only silently seen; in particular, if a new probe has a first digit that accidentally matches the first digit of a target item, it is more likely that the subject will mistakenly identify this new probe as old (give a false alarm) if the target has only been partially encoded because it was only silently seen. 相似文献
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Bimanual coordination is governed by constraints that permit congruent movements to be performed more easily than incongruent movements. Theories concerning the origin of these constraints range from low level motor-muscle explanations to high level perceptual–cognitive ones. To elucidate the processes underlying coordinative constraints, we asked subjects to use a pair of left–right joysticks to acquire corresponding pairs of congruent and incongruent targets presented on a video monitor under task conditions designed to systematically modulate the impact of several perceptual–cognitive processes commonly required for bimanual task performance. These processes included decoding symbolic cues, detecting goal targets, conceptualizing movements in terms of goal target configuration, planning movement trajectories, producing saccades and perceiving visual feedback. Results demonstrate that constraints arise from target detection and trajectory planning processes that can occur prior to movement initiation as well as from inherent muscle properties that emerge during movement execution, and that the manifestation of these constraints can be significantly altered by the ability to visually monitor movement progress. 相似文献
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P Kyle Stanford 《Pacific Philosophical Quarterly》1998,79(1):78-97
J. L. Mackie's famous claim that Locke 'anticipates' Kripke's Causal Theory of Reference (CTR) rests, I suggest, upon a pair of important misunderstandings. Contra Mackie, as well as the more recent accounts of Paul Guyer and Michael Ayers, Lockean Real Essences consist of those features of an entity from which all of its experienceable properties can be logically deduced; thus a substantival Real Essence consists of features of a Real Constitution plus logically necessary objective connections between them and features of some particular Nominal Essence. Furthermore, what Locke actually anticipates is the most significant contemporary challenge to the CTR: the qua -problem. 相似文献
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In experiment 1, pigeons were trained to match temporal (2, 8, and 10 s of houselight) and location (feeder light, left key,
center key illumination) samples to color comparison stimuli. Red choices were correct following the 2-s and feeder light,
orange choices were correct following the 8-s and center key, and green choices were correct following the 10-s and left key.
Samples that were harder to discriminate (8- vs 10-s, and left vs center key) were mapped onto comparisons that were easy
to discriminate (orange vs green), while samples that were easier to discriminate (2- vs 8-s, and feeder light vs left key)
were mapped onto comparisons that were hard to discriminate(red vs orange). The pattern of errors for temporal and location
samples indicated that these samples were not represented by a common code even though they were associated with the same
comparison stimuli. In experiment 2, the same pigeons were trained with visual samples in which samples that were hard to
discriminate (triangle vs circle) were mapped onto comparisons that were easy to discriminate (orange vs green), while samples
that were easy to discriminate(plus vs triangle) were mapped onto comparisons that were hard to discriminate (red vs orange).
Following acquisition of the visual discrimination, the temporal samples were re-introduced and many-to-one training was continued.
During delay testing, the pattern of errors for temporal and visual samples was equivalent and consistent with the hypothesis
that visual samples were being coded in terms of the duration appropriate for the temporal sample with which it shared a common
comparison response. Data from no-sample test sessions ruled out a simple response bias explanation of the data. The properties
of common codes for temporal and nontemporal events can be somewhat flexible and more complicated than previously envisaged.
Received: 21 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 5 April 1998 相似文献
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P. Kyle Stanford 《Erkenntnis》2001,54(2):215-233
Genic selectionism holds that all selection can be understood as operating on particular genes. Critics (and conventional biological wisdom) insist that this misrepresents the actual causal structure of selective phenomena at higher levels of biological organization, but cannot convincingly defend this intuition. I argue that the real failing of genic selectionism is pragmatic – it prevents us from adopting the most efficient corpus of causal laws for predicting and intervening in the course of affairs – and I offer a Pragmatic account of causation itself which ultimately bears out the claim that genic selectionism misrepresents the causal structure of selective contexts. 相似文献
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Recent work has suggested that the success of pharmacological treatment for chronic aggressive behavior may depend, in part, on the subtype of aggressive behavior displayed (e.g. reactive, impulsive aggression vs. predatory, premeditated aggression). The present study examined the usefulness of characterizing aggressive behavior during a 16‐week double‐blind crossover study of phenytoin (PHT) treatment in 41 aggressive adult males. The Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scales (IPAS) were used to characterize aggressive behavior as predominantly impulsive or predominantly premeditated in nature. Analyses indicated that participants who did not respond to PHT treatment endorsed significantly more premeditated characteristics on the IPAS than those who responded to PHT treatment. Non‐responders also exhibited fewer aggressive outbursts during placebo treatment, suggesting a greater level of behavior control. Participants who did not complete the study were younger, endorsed significantly more premeditated aggression characteristics and reported more lifetime antisocial behaviors than those who completed the study. Taken together, these data emphasize several factors that may influence the success of pharmacological treatment in aggressive individuals, namely the importance of characterizing the predominant type of problem aggressive behavior. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–6, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Verdi R. Lethermon Donald A. Williamson Sarah C. Moody Stanford W. Granberry Kathleen L. Lemanek Cherryl Bodiford 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1984,6(3):231-245
The social validity of a role-play test of children's social skills, the Social Skills Test for Children (SST-C), was evaluated by 63 subjects (33 adults and 30 children) who subjectively judged the quality of three children's role-play performances. The three children were selected as having high, medium, or low social skill based upon their performance on the SST-C. Assessment of the effects of subject characteristics upon judgments of social skill suggested that similarities in age and race between the subjects and the three children tended to diminish perceived differences in social skill among the three children. It was concluded that the social validity of the role-play test was supported only if the persons evaluating social behavior were dissimilar in age and racial characteristics from the persons who were being evaluated. 相似文献