Hope as a Moderator of the Associations Between Common Risk Factors and Frequency of Substance Use Among Latino Adolescents

Ample research suggests that delinquency, depressive symptoms, and peer substance use are common risk factors associated with adolescent substance use. However, the factors that may help to buffer the deleterious effects of these risk factors on adolescent substance use, such as hope, have yet to be examined. The current study evaluated hope as a moderator of the associations between these common risk factors and frequency of substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana) in a sample of Latino high school students (M _age ?=?16.14 years, SD?=?1.30; 55 % female). Findings indicated that the influence of delinquency on frequency of tobacco and marijuana use depended on levels of hope, with delinquency only positively associated with frequency of use when levels of hope were low. Additionally, hope moderated the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use, such that depressive symptoms were only positively associated with frequency of alcohol use when levels of hope were low. Results and their implications for intervention are reviewed.     

Anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments in sitting in children with cerebral palsy

The aim of this study was to examine postural control in children with cerebral palsy performing a bilateral shoulder flexion to grasp a ball from a sitting posture. The participants were 12 typically developing children (control) without cerebral palsy and 12 children with cerebral palsy (CP). We analyzed the effect of ball mass (1 kg and 0.18 kg), postural adjustment (anticipatory, APA, and compensatory, CPA), and groups (control and CP) on the electrical activity of shoulder and trunk muscles with surface electromyography (EMG). Greater mean iEMG was seen in CPA, with heavy ball, and for posterior trunk muscles (p < .05). The children with CP presented the highest EMG and level of co-activation (p < .05). Linear regression indicated a positive relationship between EMG and aging for the control group, whereas that relationship was negative for participants with CP. We suggest that the main postural control strategy in children is based on corrections after the beginning of the movement. The linear relationship between EMG and aging suggests that postural control development is affected by central nervous disease which may lead to an increase in muscle co-activation.     

Psychoanalysis and the tragic sense of life

In this paper, psychoanalysis is compared to a phenomenological theory of tragedy in which tragedy is understood as a mode of viewing life that insists on a balance being maintained between human striving for rational understanding and the acceptance of certain irreducibly irrational elements of human experience. Many of the underlying assumptions of psychoanalysis are found to correspond closely to those of the tragic vision of life: the commitment to the search for truth and the understanding of individual experience, paired with a recognition of the inherent limitations of that search and the inevitable relativity of those truths; the belief in the possibility and importance of meaningful individual action without any avoidance of the powerfully determining influence of personal history, prehistory, and intrapsychic structure; the focus on the irreversibly forward flow of time, and the resultant reality of loss that is an absolute dimension of the very process of living. These issues are explored with particular attention to the roles of transference, repressed endopsychic structure, and termination within the psychoanalytic process.     

Longitudinal dichotic listening patterns for aphasic patients : II. Relationship with lesion variables

Dichotic listening scores and information on lesion size and location were obtained for aphasic patients. All patients had a reduction in dichotic scores at 1 month postonset of symptoms, but some patients returned to normal levels of performance by 6 months postonset. Lesion location was the main determinant of patterns of performance. Right ear scores from the dichotic digit test closely reflected the presence or absence of lesions involving Heschl's gyrus. What appeared to be an effect of lesion volume was confounded by the relationship between increasing lesion volume and a greater likelihood of damage to Heschl's gyrus.     

Longitudinal dichotic listening patterns for aphasic patients : III. Relationship to language and memory variables

Longitudinal dichotic scores were obtained for aphasic patients for whom extensive language and memory data were also available. Severity of language impairments was related to ear advantage, but this occurred because larger lesions yielded more severe language impairments and were more likely to involve Heschl's gyrus. Extent of language recovery was not related to changes in ear dominance. Relationships that occurred generally supported a functional-anatomical interpretation which stressed the importance of the integrity of the posterior superior temporal lobe to performance both on dichotic tests and on specific language or memory tests.     

Selective adaptation of vowels

Two experiments investigating the selective adaptation of vowels examined changes in listeners’ identification functions for the vowel continuum [i-I-∈] as a function of the adapting stimulus. In Experiment I, the adapting stimuli were [i], [I], and [∈]. Both the [i] and [∈] stimuli produced significant shifts in the neighboringand distant phonetic boundaries, whereas [I] did not result in any adaptation effects. In order to explore the phonetic nature of feature adaptation in vowels, a second experiment was conducted using the adapting stimuli [gig] and [g ∈ g], which differed acoustically from the [i] and [∈] vowels on the identification continuum. Only [gig] yielded reliable adaptation effects. The results of these experiments were interpreted as suggesting arelative rather than a stableauditory mode of feature analysis in vowels and a possibly more complex auditory feature analysis for the vowel [i].     

Recovery of single word comprehension: CT-scan correlates

9tory comprehension for single words, as measured by the BDAE Word Discrimination subtest, was studied longitudinally in a group of 37 aphasic patients. The majority of the patients had impaired performance at 1 month postonset, but recovery by Month 6 postonset was quite striking. Damage to Wernicke's area did not preclude recovery of single word comprehension to within the normal range. Only patients with very extensive left hemisphere lesions had incomplete recovery of single word comprehension.