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It has long been claimed that people perceive the world as less variable and more regular than it actually is. Such misperception, if shown to exist, could explain some perplexing behaviors. However, evidence supporting the claim is indirect, and there is no explanation of its cause. As a possible cause, the authors suggest that people use sample variability as an estimate of population variability. This is so because the sampling distribution of sample variance is downward attenuated, the attenuation being substantial for sample sizes that people consider. Results of 5 experiments show that people use sample variability, uncorrected for sample size, in tasks in which a correction is normatively called for, and indeed perceive variability as smaller than it is. 相似文献
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Jamie Cassoff Reut Gruber Gentiana Sadikaj Florida Rushani Bärbel Knäuper 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2014,33(2):113-129
The aim of the study was to test the motivation and awareness variables of the I-change model as predictors of adolescent intention to go to bed earlier. Questionnaires regarding sleep related motivational and awareness variables were administered to 127 sleep restricted (determined by actigraphy) high school students (12–17 years old). The motivational variables positive attitudes towards sleep and parents setting wake time predicted higher intentions to go bed earlier. The awareness variable sleep related cues to action also predicted higher intentions to advance bedtime. Positive attitudes towards sleep partially mediated the effect of sleep related cues to action on intention to advance bedtime. Future sleep promotion programs should train adolescents to detect cues to go to bed earlier to increase their intentions to go to bed earlier. Adolescents should be assisted to develop positive attitudes towards sleep as to enhance their autonomous motivation to advance their bedtime. 相似文献
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We tested whether cognitive fusion impairs emotion differentiation and thereby mediates relations between cognitive fusion and depression and panic symptoms among 55 adults (Mage?=?26.8 (3.9), 50.9% women). Using visual stimuli, we elicited multiple emotion states and measured (a) emotional intensity – the subjective emotion intensity of elicited emotions (i.e. Specific Emotion Intensity – SEI), as well as (b) emotional differentiation – the degree of co-activation of multiple negative emotions when a specific emotion was elicited (i.e. Multiple Emotion Co-Activation – MECA). First, as hypothesised, we found that cognitive fusion predicted lower levels of emotion differentiation (MECA). In contrast, as hypothesised, these effects were significantly greater than the (null) effects of cognitive fusion on emotion intensity (SEI). Second, as predicted, MECA, but not SEI, predicted depression and panic symptoms. Finally, we found that MECA mediated the effects of cognitive fusion on depression and panic symptoms. The present findings contribute novel, preliminary empirical insight into associations between cognitive fusion, impaired emotion differentiation and mental ill-health. 相似文献
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Distinctiveness Benefits Novelty (and Not Familiarity), but Only Up to a Limit: The Prior Knowledge Perspective
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Novelty is a pivotal player in cognition, and its contribution to superior memory performance is a widely accepted convention. On the other hand, mnemonic advantages for familiar information are also well documented. Here, we examine the role of experimental distinctiveness as a potential explanation for these apparently conflicting findings. Across two experiments, we demonstrate that conceptual novelty, an unfamiliar combination of familiar constituents, is sensitive to its experimental proportions: Improved memory for novelty was observed when novel stimuli were relatively rare. Memory levels for familiar items, in contrast, were completely unaffected by experimental proportions, highlighting their insensitivity to list‐based distinctiveness. Finally, no mnemonic advantage for conceptual novelty over familiarity was observed even when novel stimuli were extremely rare at study. Together, these results imply that novel and familiar items are processed via partially distinct mechanisms, with (at least some facets of) novelty not providing a mnemonic advantage over familiarity. 相似文献
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The purpose of the study was to examine inferences and judgments of gender schematic and aschematic children. Kindergarten, third grade, and sixth grade Hong Kong Chinese children (n = 196) were categorized into schematic and aschematic groups on the basis of their reaction times to gender-stereotypic and counterstereotypic items. The children were then asked to make several inferences and judgments about four male and female targets behaving gender-stereotypically or counterstereotypically. Both age and gender schematicity were related to the children's inferences. Older children and gender-schematic children relied more on individuating information and younger children relied more on the gender label. The results are discussed within the framework of gender-schema theories. 相似文献
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Predicting the use of corporal punishment: Child aggression,parent religiosity,and the BDNF gene
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This study assessed whether 3 children, 5 to 6 years old, who deleted word-final fricatives preserve the voicing contrast for those fricatives by producing dif ferential duration of the preceding vowel. The children's CV syllable productions were compared to their CV(C) syllable productions in which the final consonant was intended but actually deleted. Analysis indicated that all 3 children exhibited significantly longer vowel duration, in CV syllables than in CV(C) syllables. This differential duration of the preceding vowel was shown in both isolation and carrier phrase conditions. Of the 3 children 2 preserved the voicing contrast by showing significantly longer vowels preceding voiced consonants as compared to voiceless consonants. One child did this in both isolation and carrier phrase conditions and the other child did this in isolation only. All 3 children manipulated vowel duration to signify the linguis tic contrast, therefore these findings support a linguistic perspective of speech development which focuses on the acquisition and knowledge of the linguistic rules of the language. In addition, the large amount of variability in vowel duration for CV and CV(C) syllables and the marked variability in performance across children support a biological view of a developing vocal tract undergoing structural and physiological changes. 相似文献
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Exploration is an initial phase of constructing spatial representation. In an illuminated environment, exploration by nocturnal
rodents takes the form of home-base behavior, with the rodents organizing their activity in relation to the base, repeatedly
orienting and returning to it. In the dark, home base behavior in gerbils is preceded by looping exploration, in which travel paths tangle into loops that close at various locations so that the gerbils pilot from one loop
to the next. In the present study we tested a diurnal gerbil, the fat sand rat, Psammomys obesus, in both a lit and a dark open field in order to compare its exploratory behavior with that of nocturnal rodents. We found
that under lit conditions, fat sand rats used perimeter patrolling, traveling mainly along the walls of the open field. In perimeter patrolling the animal probably monitors its location in
relation to the perimeter (arena walls), and not to a specific location as in home base. In the dark, fat sand rats first
used looping, and gradually shifted to perimeter patrolling exploration. We suggest that perimeter patrolling is a transient
phase in which the animal evaluates possible locations for a home base. Thus, perimeter patrolling is an intermediate phase
between looping, which is based on piloting from one landmark to the next, and home base exploration, in which the animal
continuously orients to a specific location. This spatial behavior of perimeter patrolling may shed light on phases of information
processing and spatial representation during exploration and navigation. 相似文献
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