系统方式——A.波格丹诺夫和 L.冯·贝塔朗菲

原编者的内容提要:本文旨在比较冯·贝塔朗菲的一般系统论和波格丹诺夫的组织学(Tekto-logy)。这两种理论都对现实提出了整体论的解释,并声称要解决现有哲学和科学的理论和方法不能解决的问题。文章指出了某些苏联学者对这些理论的性质所持的不正确看法的主要之点,特别是在对组织学的看法方面。所做的比较涉及两种理论总的起源和目的,它们解决组织性(organization)问题的方式,它们的数学处理,以及它们对控制论的调节概念的理解。     

现代历史哲学

现代历史哲学构成现代性的一个有机组成部分。它同其余组成部分如此契合 ,以致如果丧失有关源泉的话 ,未来的历史学家很可能会从其余现代思想中重新建构其一般特点。这并不是说 ,所有的从业人员都重复同样的观念或阐发同样的图式 ;他们之间有着重大差别。尽管如此 ,一种基本的统一性还是可以看得出的 ,特别是当你把它同前现代概念加以对比时 ,更是如此。然而 ,历史哲学是很晚才登上现代舞台的。它是从 18世纪才开始的 ,那时启蒙运动以两百年前首次出现的观念为基础 ,系统地阐述和确立了一种世界观。历史哲学的提出可以被视为这一过程的一部…     

促进企业组织创新的途径

本文认为企业成功的关键条件之一是企业组织的创新,企业管理的一项重要任务就是通过长期的努力,使企业成为具有创造与革新精神的组织。促进企业组织创新的途径主要包括三个方面:(1)选拨与录用具有创新精神的人员;(2)采取有利于创新的领导方式;(3)建立与强化积极的企业组织文化。文章就此进行了探讨,提出了一些具体措施。     

A quantitative analysis of chain-schedule performance

Six pigeons were trained with a chain variable-interval variable-interval schedule on the left key and with reinforcers available on the right key on a single variable-interval schedule arranged concurrently with both links of the chain. All three schedules were separately and systematically varied over a wide range of mean intervals. During these manipulations, the obtained reinforcer rates on constant arranged schedules also frequently changed systematically. Increasing reinforcer rates in Link 2 of the chain increased response rates in both links and decreased response rates in the variable-interval schedule concurrently available with Link 2. Increasing Link-1 reinforcer rates increased Link-1 response rates and decreased Link-2 response rates. Increasing reinforcer rates on the right-key schedule decreased response rates in Link 1 of the chain but did not affect the rate in Link 2. The results extend and amplify previous analyses of chain-schedule performance and help define the effects that a quantitative model must describe. However, the complexity of the results, and the fact that constant arranged reinforcer schedules did not necessarily lead to constant obtained reinforcer rates, precluded a quantitative analysis.     

Effects of relative reinforcer frequency on complex color detection

Pigeons were trained under a discrete-trials detection procedure in which one of a set of color stimuli was presented on the center key and a single response turned off the stimulus and illuminated two side keys. Single responses to one or the other side key produced occasional reinforcers depending on the value of the color stimulus. In Experiment 1, one color-stimulus set comprised 559, 564, 569, and 574 nm, and right-key pecks were occasionally reinforced following presentations of members of this set. The other stimulus set comprised 579, 584, 589, and 594 nm, and left-key pecks were occasionally reinforced following presentations of members of this set. Across seven experimental conditions, the left/(left + right) relative reinforcer frequency was varied from .1 to .9. In Experiment 2, one stimulus set contained only one member, 574 nm, and right-key responses were occasionally reinforced following its presentation. Over 12 experimental conditions, two manipulations were carried out. First, the number of stimuli comprising the other stimulus set was increased from one (579 nm) to two (579 and 584 nm) to three (579, 584, and 589 nm) and to four (579, 584, 589, and 594 nm), and left-key responses were reinforced occasionally following center-key presentations of members of this set. Second, for each stimulus combination, the left/(left + right) relative reinforcer frequency was varied from .1 to .5 to .9 across three experimental conditions. The principal finding of Experiments 1 and 2 was that reinforcers and stimuli interacted in their effects on behavior. In Experiment 3, pairs of adjacent stimuli (5 nm apart) in the range 559 to 594 nm were presented in each experimental condition, and the left/(left + right) relative reinforcer frequency was held constant at .5. The data from all three experiments were analyzed according to a detection model describing performance in multiple-stimulus two-response procedures. This model provided independent measures of stimulus discriminability, contingency discriminability, and bias. The analysis showed that (a) consistent with the color-naming function, pigeons were better able to discriminate between higher nanometer values than lower nanometer values; (b) their ability to discriminate between the stimuli was independent of the number of wavelengths comprising each stimulus set; (c) they allocated delivered reinforcers very accurately to the previously emitted response; and (d) no consistent biases emerged.     

解释学

四、要记述1966年至1976年之间解释学发展的热门时期,困难的确不小。限于篇幅,我们只能谈一下:(1)一些主要的关于解释学的讨论会;(2)几种关心解释学问题的杂志;(3)圣经解释学在这一时期的发展;(4)一般性的和有关文化方面的解释学在这一时期的发展;(5)解释学向其他知识领域的渗透和它与这些领域的交流情况。 (1)讨论会在这一时期举行了许多关于解释学或与解释学有关的会议,举行这些会议的地方或部门有:德鲁大学,约翰斯·霍普金斯大学,罗