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1.
Eyeblinking during autokinetic movement observed by one subject living in the up-down inverted visual world, was investigated. The subject wore frame-spectacles (without prisms) for the first two days and then wore up-down inverting spectacles (with prisms) for the next four days, followed by the resumption of the former frame-spectacles for one day. Eyeblinks during autokinetic movement were measured by using vertical EOG. Analysis showed (1) the occurrence of eyeblinking during autokinetic movement was not influenced by living in the up-down inverted visual world; (2) the frequency of eyeblinking during autokinetic movement significantly decreased with successive days of observation.  相似文献   
2.
Effects of up-down visual inversion on motor skills   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The movement of a hand or fingers and locomotion of the body by a subject wearing prisms which inverted his visual world were investigated. A subject wore frame-spectacles (without prisms) for the first two days and then wore up-down inverting spectacles (with prisms) for the next four days, followed by wearing the former frame-spectacles again for one day. Measurements were made of skill on star-drawing, pegboard tests, and on zigzag-walking and walking up and down stairs. There were no differences on the five measures during acquisition for the four tasks, which suggests smooth progress of prism-adaptation by this man.  相似文献   
3.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether a change of perceptual framework may affect the occurrence of apparent movement. Apparent movement was observed by one subject living over four days in the prismatically inverted visual world, because this situation was considered as the operation in which the subject was forced to change the perceptual framework to adapt himself to the novel environment. Apparent movement with two points was measured in vertical and horizontal configurations before wearing and after removing the prism as well as while wearing it. Analysis showed significant effects of prism-wearing on the occurrence of apparent movement in both vertical and horizontal configurations. Although further elaboration is required, an hypothesis was suggested from the viewpoint of the loss of visual position constancy.  相似文献   
4.
The developmental change in subjective probability during adolescence, an important period for establishing the probability concept, was investigated. 75 Japanese adolescents, from 12 to 23 yr. of age, were asked to make probability judgments for a lottery under 15 conditions. Analysis showed that with increase in age their subjective probability came closer to the objective probability. Discussion of these results took into consideration recent studies on the development of the concept of probability.  相似文献   
5.
Two experiments presented motion disparity conflicting with binocular disparity to examine how these cues determined apparent depth order (convex, concave) and depth magnitude. In each experiment, 8 subjects estimated the depth order and depth magnitude. The first experiment showed the following. (1) The visual system used one of these cues exclusively in selecting a depth order for each display. (2) The visual system integrated the depth magnitude information from these cues by a weighted additive fashion if it selected the binocular disparity in depth order perception and if the depth magnitude specified by motion disparity was small relative to that specified by binocular disparity. (3) The visual system ignored the depth magnitude information of binocular disparity if it selected the motion disparity in depth order perception. The second experiment showed that these three points were consistent whether the subject’s head movement or object movement generated motion disparity.  相似文献   
6.
Connectionist models with the backpropagation learning rule are said to exhibit catastrophic interference (or forgetting) with sequential training. Subsequent works showed that interference can be reduced by using orthogonal inputs. This study investigated, with a more rigorous assessment method, whether all orthogonal inputs lead to comparable extent of interference using three coding schemes. The results revealed large differences between the coding schemes. With larger networks, dense inputs led to severer interference compared with sparse inputs. With smaller networks, all the three schemes led to comparable extent of interference. Therefore, this study proved that not all the orthogonal inputs cause the same extent of interference, and that severity of interference depends on the interaction of the input coding scheme and the network size.  相似文献   
7.
The distinction between proactive and reactive functions of aggression is one of the most common divisions when investigating aggression among children and adolescents. To date, self-report is the least used measurement, despite existing literature supporting the view that the best informant regarding internal processes and motives are children themselves. The main aim of this study was to examine the construct and concurrent validity of a new self-report questionnaire, which aims to disentangle acts of reactive vs. proactive aggression that are most common within the daily lives of children. We examined the self-report measure among 578 children (313 girls, 265 boys, mean age 11 years, range 9–13 years). Most children (90% boys; 85% girls) reported at least one act of aggression over the last four weeks. Furthermore, the outcomes support the two-factor structure (reactive and proactive aggression) and the questionnaire showed good concurrent and discriminant validity with measures for emotional and social functioning. This study validates the use of the self-report instrument for reactive and proactive aggression and demonstrates that children can successfully distinguish between their own motives for reactive and proactive forms of aggressive behaviours.  相似文献   
8.
Connectionist models with a backpropagation learning rule are known to have a serious problem. Such models exhibit catastrophic interference (or forgetting) with sequential training. Having learned a set of patterns, if the model is trained on another set of patterns, its performance on the first set can dramatically deteriorate very rapidly. The present study reconsiders this issue with four simulations. The model learned arithmetic facts sequentially, but the interference was only modest with random (hence approximately orthogonal) inputs. Essentially the same result was obtained when the inputs are made less orthogonal by adding irrelevant elements. Reducing the number of hidden units did not have major effects. This study suggests that the interference problem has been somewhat overstated.  相似文献   
9.
Involvement of BDNF receptor TrkB in spatial memory formation   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in long-term potentiation (LTP), and are phosphorylated by several tyrosine kinases including a Src-family tyrosine kinase Fyn. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin, which also enhances hippocampal synaptic transmission and efficacy by increasing NMDA receptor activity. Here, we show that Fyn is a key molecule linking the BDNF receptor TrkB with NMDA receptors, which play an important role in spatial memory formation in a radial arm maze. Spatial learning induced phosphorylation of TrkB, Fyn, and NR2B, but not NR2A, in the hippocampus. Fyn was coimmunoprecipitated with TrkB and NR2B, and this association was increased in well-trained rats compared with control animals. Continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of PP2, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in rats delayed memory acquisition in the radial arm maze, but PP2-treated animals reached the same level of learning as the controls. The phosphorylation of Fyn and NR2B, but not TrkB, was diminished by PP2 treatment. Our findings suggest the importance of interaction between BDNF/TrkB signaling and NMDA receptors for spatial memory in the hippocampus.  相似文献   
10.
Two new methods for generating predictions from the Rescorla-Wagner model are presented. One is to solve the simultaneous equations of the model as differential equations, and the other is to solve them as difference equations, by using recent computer software. The model has been described in terms of simultaneous difference equations, and its predictions have traditionally been derived by performing an iterative computer simulation. But the limit can be taken, and the model can be considered in terms of simultaneous differential equations. Computer software, such as Mathematica and Maple, can solve simultaneous differential or difference equations. The author shows how to use Mathematica for some experimental paradigms, from simple acquisition to more complex cue competition paradigms, and also explains the rule for constructing input. The relative merits of these methods and of simulation are discussed.  相似文献   
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