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Sex Roles - Two questionnaire studies in rural Georgia examined how social and spatial density were related to social burden and social support. Results from the first study, which had 116 female... 相似文献
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It is now relatively easy to implement pupillometry in social psychological research. We describe a system in which a Macintosh computer presents visual and auditory stimuli to subjects while monitoring an infrared pupillometer. The computer records information on subject, task, and pupil diameter into a data file for input into standard statistical analysis programs. Pupil diameter is measured continuously while subjects respond to stimuli that last for several seconds or minutes. A demonstration experiment verifies the usefulness of the system. The ability of the Macintosh computer to easily handle visual and auditory stimuli and to record responses lasting a considerable length of time makes the system well suited for studying pupil responses to complex social stimuli. This system is also well suited for the researcher initiating a research program using pupillometry. Ease of operation makes using a large number of subjects feasible. 相似文献
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The Relation Between Social Identities and Outgroup Hostility Among German Immigrant-Origin Citizens
One of the major drivers of societal conflict are the intergroup relations which rely mainly on social identity and which are rarely analyzed for immigrant groups. This article changes this point of view by investigating the extent to which national, ethnic, and religious identities relate to outgroup hostilities towards the majority of the German population, towards other immigrant groups, and towards Syrian refugees among immigrant-origin citizens. We employ a theoretical framework based on the social identity approach and use new representative survey data from 2017 for Germans of Turkish descent (N = 480) and Russian Germans (N = 471). Based on multivariate linear regression analysis, we show that ethnic identity has the strongest positive relation with outgroup hostilities, with the exception of the Russian-Germans' evaluation of the German majority population. National identity among Germans of Turkish descent lessens their hostility towards other immigrants. Our results show the importance of analyzing immigrant groups with different migration trajectories separately before making generalized claims. Not only are the identity relations different between an ingroup identification and various outgroup targets, but they are also different between the immigrant groups for the same ingroup identification and outgroup target. 相似文献
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Jasmin Tahmaseb McConatha Haley M. Huba 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1999,18(2):164-170
Schulz and Heckhausen (1996) have recently formulated a theory of successful aging that centers on perceptions of control
as a major theme in the developmental process. They suggest primary control is a universal phenomenon and that people will
strive for primary control over secondary control. Secondary control mechanisms, on the other hand, may serve to mediate losses
in primary control. This study evaluates the relationship between primary and secondary control among 327 men and women, by
administering a general sense of control scale and an emotion control measure with four sub-scales. Consistent with previous
research, both age and gender differences were found in primary and secondary control. The results of this study provide support
for the theory of emotional selectivity which postulates that as people age they are more able to regulate their emotions,
thereby directing energies at increasing secondary control mechanisms (Carstensen, 1986). 相似文献
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Guided by a heuristic account of social-cognitive functioning, researchers have attempted to identify the cognitive benefits that derive from a categorical approach to person construal. While revealing, this work has overlooked the fact that, prior to the application of categorical thinking as an economizing mental tool, perceivers must first extract category-triggering information from available stimulus cues. It is possible, therefore, that basic perceptual processes may also contribute to people's propensity to view others in a category-based manner. This possibility was explored in 3 experiments in which the authors investigated the ease with which perceivers can extract categorical and identity-based knowledge from faces under both optimal and suboptimal (i.e., inverted faces, blurred faces, rapidly presented faces) processing conditions. The results confirmed that categorical knowledge is extracted from faces more efficiently than identity-related knowledge, a finding that underscores the importance of perceptual operations in the generation of categorical thinking. 相似文献
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Nik Sultana Jasmin Christian Blanchette Lawrence C. Paulson 《Journal of Applied Logic》2013,11(1):91-102
Sledgehammer is a tool that harnesses external first-order automatic theorem provers (ATPs) to discharge interactive proof obligations arising in Isabelle/HOL. We extended it with LEO-II and Satallax, the two most prominent higher-order ATPs, improving its performance on higher-order problems. To explore their usefulness, these ATPs are measured against first-order ATPs and built-in Isabelle tactics on a variety of benchmarks from Isabelle and the TPTP library. Sledgehammer provides an ideal test bench for individual features of LEO-II and Satallax, revealing areas for improvements. 相似文献
7.
The present study contrasts 3 theories which provide explanations for performance improvement in mental rotation tasks. Wallace
and Hofelich conjectured that the process as such may be executed more rapidly after training, while Bethell-Fox and Shepard
attributed practice effects to the fact that images may be transformed first elementwise, but later as a Gestalt. In contrast,
Tarr and Pinker assumed that a transformation of an image will no longer be computed after training but simply be retrieved
from memory. Thirty-seven subjects participated in 3 test sessions in which they had to decide on the parity of 3-D block
figures presented from different perspectives. Experimental group subjects underwent 4 additional practice sessions in which
a subset of the figures and a subset of perspective views were used. Tests adapted to the predictions of the 3 theories revealed
specific learning effects but no transfer, neither to old objects presented in new perspectives nor to new objects. This supports
an instance-based explanation of practice effects which states that objects are represented in multiple perspective views.
Received: 7 May 1997 / Accepted: 6 August 1997 相似文献
8.
Nina Howe Leigh Karavasilis Karos Jasmin Aquan‐Assee 《Infant and child development》2011,20(2):227-245
Correspondence between child and maternal perceptions of sibling relationship quality (standards, actual ratings, problems) and children's reports of daily interactions were assessed in 40 early adolescent children (M age=11.5 yrs) and their mothers (n=32). Children completed the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985. Child Development, 56, 448–461) and Daily Checklist ratings of sibling interactions for 14 days. Mothers completed the Parental Expectations and Perceptions of Children's Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (Kramer & Baron, 1995. Family Relations, 44, 95–103). Overall, findings revealed correspondence between child perceptions of sibling warmth and maternal ratings of standards, actual ratings, and problems in sibling warmth but not conflict and rivalry. Maternal and child perceptions of sibling relationship qualities were positively associated with children's reports of ongoing interactions. Finally, regression analyses identified unique maternal and child correlates for both happy and prosocial daily interactions. Findings are discussed in light of recent research and theory on family dynamics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Benjamin Fauth Jasmin Decristan Svenja Rieser Eckhard Klieme Gerhard Büttner 《Social Psychology of Education》2018,21(5):1225-1249
In this study, we investigated conditions and consequences of teacher popularity in primary schools. Teacher popularity is embedded in a theoretical framework that describes relationships between teacher competence, teaching quality, and student outcomes. In the empirical analyses, we used multilevel modeling to distinguish between individual students’ liking of the teacher and a teacher’s popularity as rated by the whole class (N?=?1070 students, 54 teachers). The classroom level composite of the extent to which students liked their teacher was a reliable indicator of teacher popularity. Teacher popularity was associated with teacher self-reports of self-efficacy and teaching enthusiasm and with external observers’ ratings of teaching quality. The grades students received were not related to the popularity ratings. In a longitudinal study, teacher popularity predicted students’ learning gains and interest development over and above the effects of teaching quality. These results suggest that teacher popularity can be a useful and informative indicator in research on students’ academic development and teacher effectiveness. 相似文献