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1.
The nature of visually guided locomotion was examined in an experiment where subjects had to walk to targets under various conditions. Target distance was manipulated so that subjects had to (a) lengthen their paces in order to hit the target; (b) shorten their paces; (c) make no adjustments to their standard pace length at all. They did this under four visual conditions: (a) normal vision; (b) with vision restricted to a "snapshot" each time the foot that was to be placed on the target was on the ground; (c) with a snapshot each time the foot to be placed was in the swing phase; and (d) no vision after departure fro the target. The results show that the subjects succeed in reaching the target in most cases. However, the smoothness and fluidity of their movements vary significantly between conditions. Under normal vision or where visual snapshots are delivered when the pointing foot is on the ground, locomotion is smoothly regulated as the subjects approach the target. where snapshots are delivered when the pointing foot is in the swing phase, regulation becomes clumsy and ill coordinated. Where no vision is available at all during the approach, adjustments are made, but these are least coordinated of all. The results show that well-coordinated visual regulation does not require continuous visual guidance but depends on intermittent information being available at the appropriate times in the action sequence. Such timing is often more important than the total amount of information that is available for guidance. 相似文献
2.
J A Thomson 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1986,12(3):392-393
Recently, Elliott (1986) has reported data that he claims are inconsistent with my hypothesis that a short-term motor memory system exists for guiding locomotion and other actions in space (Thomson, 1983). In fact, methodological flaws in Elliott's design make such conclusions unjustified and inappropriate. Moreover, insofar as comparisons can be made at all, the results are completely consistent with my own data. 相似文献
3.
Studies are reviewed in which response to acute administration of alcohol was compared between individuals with and without family histories of alcoholism (FH+, FH-). This research represents a search for a psychobiological marker for alcoholism. A methodological critique of the procedures reported in this literature is then presented. Finally, a conceptual model is suggested in which differences in the response to alcohol between FH+ individuals and FH- individuals must be understood in relation to time after drinking alcohol. This Newtonian differentiator model proposes that sons of alcoholics exhibit acute sensitization as blood alcohol level rises and acute tolerance as blood alcohol level falls, compared with sons of nonalcoholics. Therefore, FH+ subjects find alcohol more rewarding because they accentuate the pleasurable, excitatory aspects of initial intoxication and attenuate the feelings of anxiety and depression that predominate as blood alcohol levels drop. 相似文献
4.
Iain A. M. Macritchie 《Journal of religion and health》1997,36(1):5-16
The massacre of sixteen children and their teacher in Scotland, at the Dunblane Primary School, earlier this year, shook the world. Hundreds of thousands of flowers were sent from all over the globe, as a gesture of sympathy and solidarity. Eight months later, the world carries on its normal business, but for the people of Dunblane there can be no return to normality. This article looks at some points raised by the Cullen Report, the Government inquiry into the massacre, particularly the emerging details about the background of the killer, Thomas Hamilton. These details are set alongside Jung's discussion of the Shadow archetype. The article also examines the role of the local churches at the time of the tragedy and thereafter, particularly the Cathedral at the center of Dunblane. The final section looks at some general reactions within the community to the killings. 相似文献
5.
The authors summarise the findings of four recent experiments whichexamined childrens capacity to remember a particular occurrence of arecurring event. Issues discussed include the timing of the interview, thetype of errors, the questioning techniques, the age of the child, theconsistency of the childs account, and the impact of an interveninginterview. Implications for professionals who conduct investigatory orevidentiary interviews with child witnesses are discussed and suggestionsfor future research are also offered. 相似文献
6.
Iain A. M. Macritchie S.T.M. 《Journal of religion and health》1994,33(3):269-278
The five points of federal Calvinism, as outlined by the Synod of Dort, have had a strong influence on the Protestant church.
Their negative effects on the culture and society of the Western Isles of Scotland are often overlooked, or simply accepted
as an expresion of that culture. In this paper, an attempt is made to show how Celtic culture on the Isle of Lewis has been
held back by this theology, and the effect of this repression on society and the individual. Particular areas of concern are
the neglect of the Gaelic language, and the incidence of violence, alcoholism, and depression.
Iain Macritchie, S.T.M., comes from the village of Ballantrushal on the Island of Lewis. He is a Church of Scotland minister
with a particular interest in training ministers for work in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, to which he has returned
after a year on the Scottish Fellowship at Union Theological Seminary. 相似文献
7.
8.
William D Siegfried Iain Macfarlane David B Graham Nil A Moore Patricia L Young 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1981,18(1):30-42
Previous research has found conflicting answers to the question of whether males and females share similar preferences for various job characteristics. It is difficult to determine if the different findings are due to the different populations sampled, the various methodologies employed, or to a real change in the phenomenon itself. This study essentially replicates earlier work by having 130 male and 84 female college students rate the importance of 10 job characteristics for both themselves and members of the opposite sex. Both sexes rated motivators as important, but females also placed importance on the hygienes. Males tended to underestimate the importance of the motivators for females, while females overestimated the importance of hygienes for males. The subject's sex could be predicted by both the importance for self and importance for opposite sex ratings, contrary to the earlier study. The difference in results and interpretation was shown to be due to the type of analyses used. Additionally, it was found that females' job preferences were related to their mothers' educational achievement. 相似文献
9.
Subjects were asked to walk to targets that were up to 21 m away, either with vision excluded during walking or under normal visual control. Over the entire range, subjects were accurate whether or not vision was available as long as no more than approximately 8 sec elapsed between closing the eyes and reaching the target. If more than 8 sec elapsed, (a) this had no influence on distances up to 5 m, but (b) distances between 6-21 m were severely impaired. The results are interpreted to mean that two mechanisms are involved in guidance. Up to 5 m, motor programs of relatively long duration can be formulated and used to control activity. Over greater distances, subjects internalized information about the environment in a more general form, independently of any particular set of motor instructions, and used this to control activity and formulate new motor programs. Experiments in support of this interpretation are presented. 相似文献
10.
Iain MacRury 《Psychodynamic Practice》2013,19(2):119-140
Abstract This paper proposes the applicability of object relations psychoanalytic conceptions of dialogue (Ogden, 1986, 1993) to thinking about relationships and relational structures and their governance in universities. It proposes that:
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the qualities of dialogic relations in creative institutions are the proper index of creative productivity; that is of, as examples, ‘thinking’ (Evans, 2004), ‘emotional learning’ (Salzberger-Wittenburg et al., 1983) or ‘criticality’ (Barnett, 1997);
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contemporary institutions' explicit preoccupation in assuring, monitoring and managing creative ‘dialogue’ can, in practice, pervert creative processes and thoughtful symbolic productivity, thus inhibiting students' development and the quality of ‘thinking space’ for teaching and research.