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Forstmann BU Wagenmakers EJ Eichele T Brown S Serences JT 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2011,15(6):272-279
Cognitive neuroscientists study how the brain implements particular cognitive processes such as perception, learning, and decision-making. Traditional approaches in which experiments are designed to target a specific cognitive process have been supplemented by two recent innovations. First, formal cognitive models can decompose observed behavioral data into multiple latent cognitive processes, allowing brain measurements to be associated with a particular cognitive process more precisely and more confidently. Second, cognitive neuroscience can provide additional data to inform the development of formal cognitive models, providing greater constraint than behavioral data alone. We argue that these fields are mutually dependent; not only can models guide neuroscientific endeavors, but understanding neural mechanisms can provide key insights into formal models of cognition. 相似文献
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In the explicit cuing version of the task-switching paradigm, each individual task is indicated by a unique task cue. Consequently,
a task switch is accompanied by a cue switch. Recently, it has been proposed that priming of cue encoding contributes to the
empirically observed switch costs. This proposal was experimentally supported by using a 2:1 mapping of cues to tasks, so
that a cue switch does not necessarily imply a task switch. The results indeed suggested a substantial contribution of “cue-switch
costs” to task-switch costs. Here we argue that the 2:1 mapping potentially leads to an underestimation of “pure” task-switch
costs. To support this argument, we report the results of a new study in which we used “transition cues” that indicate the
identity of the current task based on the identity of the preceding task. This new type of cue allows a full factorial manipulation
of cue switches and task switches because it includes the condition in which a cue repetition can also indicate a task switch
(i.e., when the “switch” cue is repeated). We discuss the methodological implications and argue that the present approach
has merits relative to the previously used 2:1 mapping of cues to tasks. 相似文献
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Archambeau Kim Forstmann Birte Van Maanen Leendert Gevers Wim 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2020,27(1):130-138
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interrupts the storage or retrieval of new information. Congruent with previous reports,... 相似文献
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Dutilh G Vandekerckhove J Forstmann BU Keuleers E Brysbaert M Wagenmakers EJ 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2012,74(2):454-465
People tend to slow down after they make an error. This phenomenon, generally referred to as post-error slowing, has been hypothesized to reflect perceptual distraction, time wasted on irrelevant processes, an a priori bias against the response made in error, increased variability in a priori bias, or an increase in response caution. Although the response caution interpretation has dominated the empirical literature, little research has attempted to test this interpretation in the context of a formal process model. Here, we used the drift diffusion model to isolate and identify the psychological processes responsible for post-error slowing. In a very large lexical decision data set, we found that post-error slowing was associated with an increase in response caution and-to a lesser extent-a change in response bias. In the present data set, we found no evidence that post-error slowing is caused by perceptual distraction or time wasted on irrelevant processes. These results support a response-monitoring account of post-error slowing. 相似文献
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Jasper Winkel Max C. Keuken Leendert van Maanen Eric-Jan Wagenmakers Birte U. Forstmann 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2014,21(3):777-784
Models of decision making differ in how they treat early evidence as it recedes in time. Standard models, such as the drift diffusion model, assume that evidence is gradually accumulated until it reaches a boundary and a decision is initiated. One recent model, the urgency gating model, has proposed that decision making does not require the accumulation of evidence at all. Instead, accumulation could be replaced by a simple urgency factor that scales with time. To distinguish between these fundamentally different accounts of decision making, we performed an experiment in which we manipulated the presence, duration, and valence of early evidence. We simulated the associated response time and error rate predictions from the drift diffusion model and the urgency gating model, fitting the models to the empirical data. The drift diffusion model predicted that variations in the evidence presented early in the trial would affect decisions later in that same trial. The urgency gating model predicted that none of these variations would have any effect. The behavioral data showed clear effects of early evidence on the subsequent decisions, in a manner consistent with the drift diffusion model. Our results cannot be explained by the urgency gating model, and they provide support for an evidence accumulation account of perceptual decision making. 相似文献
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Martijn J. Mulder Max C. Keuken Leendert van Maanen Wouter Boekel Birte U. Forstmann Eric-Jan Wagenmakers 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(5):1048-1058
Research in perceptual decision making is dominated by paradigms that tap the visual system, such as the random-dot motion (RDM) paradigm. In this study, we investigated whether the behavioral signature of perceptual decisions in the auditory domain is similar to those observed in the visual domain. We developed an auditory version of the RDM task, in which tones correspond to dots and pitch corresponds to motion (the random-tone pitch task, RTP). In this task, participants have to decide quickly whether the pitch of a “sound cloud” of tones is moving up or down. Stimulus strength and speed–accuracy trade-off were manipulated. To describe the relationship between stimulus strength and performance, we fitted the proportional-rate diffusion model to the data. The results showed a close coupling between stimulus strength and the speed and accuracy of perceptual decisions in both tasks. Additionally, we fitted the full drift diffusion model (DDM) to the data and showed that three of the four participants had similar speed–accuracy trade-offs in both tasks. However, for the RTP task, drift rates were larger and nondecision times slower, suggesting that some DDM parameters might be dependent on stimulus modality (drift rate and nondecision time), whereas others might not be (decision bound). The results illustrate that the RTP task is suitable for investigating the dynamics of auditory perceptual choices. Future studies using the task might help to investigate modality-specific effects on decision making at both the behavioral and neuronal levels. 相似文献
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Forstmann BU Ridderinkhof KR Kaiser J Bledowski C 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):286-296
A tool that is commonly used to investigate selection among different alternatives in a changing environment is the task-switching
paradigm. Functional neuroimaging has pointed out a role for the posterior medial frontal cortex and the posterior parietal
cortex in the voluntary selection of task sets. In the present study, we set out to investigate the temporal dynamics of these
agency-related processes (in task choice vs. no-choice conditions) using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The results
revealed agency-related modulations of a series of ERP components, including (1) an early parieto-occipital activation, taken
to reflect the evaluation of choice versus no choice; (2) a subsequent medial frontal expression of the voluntary selection
between task sets; (3) a CNV-like sustained negativity in preparation for the target; (4) a target-induced N210—P210 complex,
taken to reflect early sensory-perceptual processing; and (5) a target-induced P3, associated with the evaluation of the stimulus
and its designated response vis-à-vis the chosen versus competing task sets. Together, these results indicate that the opportunity
to choose between tasks invokes activity originating from the medial frontal cortex, associated with voluntary task set selection,
but also activation at different time points in a number of other brain areas, not necessarily captured by functional neuroimaging. 相似文献
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Leendert van Maanen Birte U. Forstmann Max C. Keuken Eric-Jan Wagenmakers Andrew Heathcote 《Behavior research methods》2016,48(1):184-200
Despite the widespread use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), few studies have addressed scanner effects on performance. The studies that have examined this question show a wide variety of results. In this article we report analyses of three experiments in which participants performed a perceptual decision-making task both in a traditional setting as well as inside an MRI scanner. The results consistently show that response times increase inside the scanner. Error rates also increase, but to a lesser extent. To reveal the underlying mechanisms that drive the behavioral changes when performing a task inside the MRI scanner, the data were analyzed using the linear ballistic accumulator model of decision-making. These analyses show that, in the scanner, participants exhibit a slow down of the motor component of the response and have less attentional focus on the task. However, the balance between focus and motor slowing depends on the specific task requirements. 相似文献
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Cognitive control processes refer to our ability to coordinate thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. In the fronto-lateral cortex such processes have been primarily related to mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (mid-DLPFC). However, recent brain-imaging and meta-analytic studies suggest that a region located more posterior in the fronto-lateral cortex plays a pivotal role in cognitive control as well. This region has been termed the inferior frontal junction area and can be functionally and structurally distinguished from mid-DLPFC. 相似文献