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Leonore Boehm 《International journal of psychology》1966,1(2):143-150
Le jugement moral: comparaison interculturelle et sous-culturelle avec les conclusions de Piaget. — L'article comporte une revue des recherches faites par L'A. sur certains aspects du développement moral et une comparaison avec les résultats de Piaget et de Harrower dans le même domaine. Les Ss. sont des enfants et des adolescents de 3 à 21 ans. L'âge mental dans le groupe le plus âgé qui se compose de sujets retardés, est comparable à celui des enfants d'environ 9 ans, L'A. utilise la méthode clinique et deux des histoires de Piaget, ainsi que deux autres histoires du même type. Deux d'entre elles sont relatives a la distinction entre L'intention et le résultat d'une action, les deux autres à la dépendance vis-à-vis de L'adulte et à la réciprocité avec les pairs. Les données de L'A. montrent que les théories de Piaget au sujet des stades du jugement moral sont universellement vraies dans les sociétés occidentales, mais que L'âge auquel un nouveau stade est atteint dépend de facteurs culturels et sous-culturels, comme la nationalité, la classe sociale d'origine, L'éducation religieuse, la mentalité. Les résultats ne confirment pas la conclusion de Piaget selon laquelle un enfant doit avoir atteint le stade de L'indépendance vis-à-vis des adultes et de la réciprocité avec les pairs avant de pouvoir juger en toute maturité des motifs et des résultats des actions. 相似文献
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Boehm C 《The Behavioral and brain sciences》2012,35(1):19-20
Hunter-gatherer punishment involves costs and benefits to individuals and groups, but the costs do not necessarily fit with the assumptions made in models that consider punishment to be altruistic--which brings in the free-rider problem and the problem of second-order free-riders. In this commentary, I present foragers' capital punishment patterns ethnographically, in the interest of establishing whether such punishment is likely to be costly; and I suggest that in many cases abstentions from punishment that might be taken as defections by free-riders are actually caused by social-structural considerations rather than being an effect of free-rider genes. This presentation of data supplements the ethnographic analysis provided by Guala. 相似文献
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Two mutations preventing PDZ-protein interactions of GluR1 have opposite effects on synaptic plasticity 下载免费PDF全文
Boehm J Ehrlich I Hsieh H Malinow R 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2006,13(5):562-565
The regulated trafficking of GluR1 contributes significantly to synaptic plasticity, but studies addressing the function of the GluR1 C-terminal PDZ-ligand domain in this process have produced conflicting results. Here, we resolve this conflict by showing that apparently similar C-terminal mutations of the GluR1 PDZ-ligand domain result in opposite physiological phenotypes during activity- and CamKII-induced synaptic plasticity. 相似文献
5.
Ann E. Boehm Jan Duker Maryanne D. Haesloop Mary Alice White 《Journal of School Psychology》1974,12(2):150-157
Competency standards are important to school psychology training, and this study demonstrates, in the area of individual intelligence test administration, how competency standards can be implemented. The study sets up behavioral objectives, determines what training is required for specified levels of mastery, and shows what specific training procedures contribute to the achievement of competency. 相似文献
6.
Miren Boehm 《European Journal of Philosophy》2016,24(1):55-77
In the Introduction to the Treatise Hume very enthusiastically announces his project to provide a secure and solid foundation for the sciences by grounding them on his science of man. And Hume indicates in the Abstract that he carries out this project in the Treatise. But most interpreters do not believe that Hume's project comes to fruition. In this paper, I offer a general reading of what I call Hume's ‘foundational project’ in the Treatise, but I focus especially on Book 1. I argue that in Book 1 much of Hume's logic is put in the service of the other sciences, in particular, mathematics and natural philosophy. I concentrate on Hume's negative thesis that many of the ideas central to the sciences are ideas that we cannot form. For Hume, this negative thesis has implications for the sciences, as many of the texts I discuss make evident. I consider and criticize different proposals for understanding these implications: the Criterion of Meaning and the ‘Inconceivability Principle’. I introduce what I call Hume's ‘No Reason to Believe’ Principle, which I argue captures more adequately the link Hume envisions between his logic, in particular his examination of ideas, and the other sciences. 相似文献
7.
Udo Boehm Maarten Marsman Dora Matzke Eric-Jan Wagenmakers 《Behavior research methods》2018,50(4):1614-1631
Psychological experiments often yield data that are hierarchically structured. A number of popular shortcut strategies in cognitive modeling do not properly accommodate this structure and can result in biased conclusions. To gauge the severity of these biases, we conducted a simulation study for a two-group experiment. We first considered a modeling strategy that ignores the hierarchical data structure. In line with theoretical results, our simulations showed that Bayesian and frequentist methods that rely on this strategy are biased towards the null hypothesis. Secondly, we considered a modeling strategy that takes a two-step approach by first obtaining participant-level estimates from a hierarchical cognitive model and subsequently using these estimates in a follow-up statistical test. Methods that rely on this strategy are biased towards the alternative hypothesis. Only hierarchical models of the multilevel data lead to correct conclusions. Our results are particularly relevant for the use of hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimates in cognitive modeling. 相似文献
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An 8-month-long experimental study examined the immediate and longer term effects of regularly practicing two assigned positive activities (expressing optimism and gratitude) on well-being. More important, this intervention allowed us to explore the impact of two metafactors that are likely to influence the success of any positive activity: whether one self-selects into the study knowing that it is about increasing happiness and whether one invests effort into the activity over time. Our results indicate that initial self-selection makes a difference, but only in the two positive activity conditions, not the control, and that continued effort also makes a difference, but, again, only in the treatment conditions. We conclude that happiness interventions are more than just placebos, but that they are most successful when participants know about, endorse, and commit to the intervention. 相似文献
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Increasing evidence suggests that multiple cognitive and motivational processes underlie individual differences in happiness (Lyubomirsky, 2001, 2008). One behavior that is associated with (un)happiness is self-reflection or dwelling. We hypothesized that unhappy individuals would be inclined to dwell about themselves, and that this behavior would have a variety of adverse consequences. Three studies tested the prediction that, unlike their happier peers, unhappy participants would be sensitive to unfavorable achievement feedback, likely to dwell about its implications and, hence, show impaired attention during important academic tasks. The results of Studies 1 and 2 showed that unhappy participants who had "failed" relative to peers subsequently displayed increased interfering thoughts; spent the most time performing a portion of the graduate record examination; and later demonstrated impaired reading comprehension. Study 3 experimentally induced versus inhibiting dwelling and found that the manipulation only impacted unhappy students. Implications of our results for the consequences of dwelling for work and social functioning, as well as for detracting from enduring happiness, are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Laura D. Kubzansky Julia K. Boehm Suzanne C. Segerstrom 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2015,9(12):645-660
Most research considers both psychological and physical health with a disease perspective by focusing on poor psychological functioning or disease outcomes. However, identifying attributes that support adaptive functioning may inform approaches to achieving health beyond what we learn from studying risk factors that accelerate deterioration. Recent evidence suggests that positive psychological functioning contributes to attaining optimal physical health. We evaluate the current state of knowledge on the relationship between positive psychological functioning and physical health, defining health beyond solely the absence of disease. We further consider when positive psychological functioning begins to exert effects on health, whether it has direct effects on biological processes or serves primarily to buffer the effects of stress, and whether it is associated with health outcomes and biological processes beyond those that reflect the absence of deterioration and disease. We propose some key directions for future research including the assessment of positive psychological functioning, positive biological functioning, and optimal health, the value of multi‐system measures, and the potential of “omics” to provide novel insights into biological mechanisms underlying associations between positive psychological functioning and physical health. 相似文献