评П.Н.费多谢耶夫的《哲学和科学认识》

费多谢耶夫院士的这部新著,是《科学、世界观和生活》丛书之一。它阐明了可以揭示哲学在世界观中的作用的许多问题。正如本书序言所表明的,作者的出发点是:马列主义哲学是关于自然和社会发展规律的科学认识的一般理论基础和方法论基础,是形成先进的唯物主义世界观和积极的生活     

一个行为主义者的渊源

在他的自传的最后一卷中,斯金纳提出了他辉煌成就的理论基础     

伦理学教学与道德选择

在历史上,伦理学以什么途径和渠道对人们的道德产生过影响?在当今条件下,它还可能继续产生影响吗? 提出这个问题的本身就为在伦理学与其研究对象的相互作用上区分“现存的东西”和“应有的东西”的必要性奠定了基础。由于这种区分具有具体历史的制约性,所以它不仅取决于伦理或道德方面的可能和需要,而且更加取决于理论的完备,即不是简单地追随着精神生活,而是要“超前反映”人类的精神生活,从而使伦理道德理论成了“宁静日常生活的干涉者”,积极参与着对道德生活进程的指导。     

Effects of Pointing Rate and Availability of Visual Feedback on Visual and Proprioceptive Components of Prism Adaptation

While looking through laterally displacing prisms, subjects pointed 60 times straight ahead of their nose at a rate of one complete movement every 2 or 3 s, with visual feedback available early in the pointing movement or delayed until the end of the movement. Sagittal pointing was paced such that movement speed covaried with pointing rate. Aftereffect measures (obtained after every 10 pointing trials) showed that when the limb became visible early in a pointing movement, proprioceptive adaptation was greater than visual, but when visual feedback was delayed until the end of the movement, the reverse was true. This effect occurred only with the 3-s pointing rate, however. With the 2-s pointing rate, adaptation was predominately proprioceptive in nature, regardless of feedback availability. Independent of the availability of visual feedback, visual adaptation developed more quickly with 3-s pointing, whereas proprioceptive adaptation developed more rapidly with 2-s pointing. These results are discussed in terms of a model of perceptual-motor organization in which the direction of coordinative (guidance) linkage between eye-head (visual) and hand-head (proprioceptive) systems (and consequently the locus of discordance registration and adaptive recalibration) is determined jointly by pointing rate and feedback availability. An additional effect of pointing rate is to determine the rate of discordant inputs. Maximal adaptive recalibration occurs when the input (pointing) rate matches the time constant of the adaptive encoder in the guided system.     

Testing the dimensionality of the self-consciousness scales

The self-consciousness scale of Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss (1975) was subjected to internal and external consistency tests based on the classical test theory model. The scale was found to have five underlying dimensions: two for private self-consciousness (viz., self-reflectiveness and internal state awareness), two for public self-consciousness, and one for social anxiety. The confirmatory factor analysis procedures employed by Burnkrant and Page (1984) are shown to be fallible as indicators of unidimensionality. Theoretical implications of newly identified dimensions in the public self-consciousness subscale are discussed.     

欧州关于领导问题的研究

欧洲学者对于领导问题始终保持着兴趣。现代的有关研究有别于美国,更注重理论探讨,所考查的因素也更为广泛。英国伦敦塔维斯托克人类关系所的研究将组织看作为“社会-技术”系统,而领导就负责管理系统内各子系统间以及与环境间边界关系的过程。英国阿斯顿大学则认为是组织的整体结构而不是个别管理者的领导行为方式决定了组织的运行。斯图亚特的学说介乎两者之间,它将领导分为必须完成的、自愿完成的任务和限制完成任务的因素三种成分,这样领导既是被决定的,又是可作出选择的。在欧洲对领导问题中参与过程的研究很流行。几项大规模的调查表明参与性决策具有差异性和阶段性,因而海勒-维尔波特提出权变理论。领导问题的研究应朝着能够对在某一具体情景下领导者应如何行动作出预测的方向进行。     

学生道德理想的心理特点

在近几十年来对青年学生道德理想的研究中,苏联心理学积累了有关其内容、结构,机能、年龄特点及其形成规律的丰富科学资科。在马列主义学说基础上,这一问题的范畴结构得到根本的革新和完善。现已查明了在俄国十月社会主义革命之后发生的社会经济变化影响下,成长中一代道德理想发展的基本趋势和倾向。人们研究了主要学习科目和一些教育措施在道德理想形成中的作用;查明了道德理想与个性的最重要成分和特征的关系,以及道德理想对学生行为的调节机能。研究道德理想的方法也在理解道德理想的新的理论概念基础上得到了完善。     

苏联飞行员的心理选拔

苏联飞行员心理选拔工作,是从国内战争和外国武装干涉结束后开始的。红军领导人M.B.伏龙芝非常注意这个问题,他指出:“如果我们……把身体素质、心理方面不适于担任部队服务的人员编入空军,那么,实际上我们就很难使用这支战斗力量……这对于空军特别重要。空军对每一名飞行员都有一系列品质方面的要求,而这些品质并非所有的人都具备的。”     

Some effects of interreinforcement time upon choice

Pigeons' responses were reinforced on two identical and concurrently available chain variable-interval-schedules. Unlike the typical concurrent chains procedure, both links were operative throughout, thus producing three types of concurrency: (1) concurrent initial links; (2) concurrent initial and terminal links; (3) concurrent terminal links. Choice proportions in each of these three states suggested that the pigeons were sensitive to momentary likelihoods of reinforcement: choice proportions for a schedule were higher when the schedule had been operative for some time, resulting in a higher probability of reinforcement. The study also showed that the relative rates of responding did not match the relative rates of reinforcement in any of the three states of concurrency. Instead, the choice proportions in both the concurrent initial and in the concurrent terminal links were intermediate between the scheduled and the obtained relative rates of reinforcement, while the choice proportions for a terminal link concurrent with an initial link consistently overmatched the relative interreinforcement times (and were typically 1.00). These data indicate that an accurate characterization of choice may not be obtained by considering only the relative interreinforcement interval where one interreinforcement interval is segmented into a chain. Instead, the organism's choice for a schedule will be substantially lowered by the chaining operation.     

Choice for periodic schedules of reinforcement

Pigeons' responses in the presence of two concurrently available (initial-link) stimuli produced one of two different (terminal-link) stimuli according to identical but independent variable-interval schedules. Responding in the mutually exclusive terminal links was reinforced with food according to fixed-ratio schedules for six pigeons and according to fixed-interval schedules for two pigeons. None of the pigeons matched the proportion of (choice) responses in the initial links to the proportion of the rates of reinforcement obtained during the terminal links. Instead, as the values of each of the terminal-link schedules were increased by a constant amount, the choice proportions for the stimulus associated with the smaller of the two values increased, even though the relative rates of reinforcement during the terminal links decreased. These results are incompatible with those from previous studies with aperiodic (variable-interval or variable-ratio) schedules. The present results do suggest, however, that in transforming aperiodic schedules into their periodic equivalents, it may be necessary to consider the size of the smallest interreinforcement interval comprising the terminal-link schedules.