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1.
The resource view on vigilance performance was tested. First, a low demanding task was compared with a similar low demanding task in which stimulus presentation was less monotonous due to added, irrelevant, stimuli. The resource view, maintaining that vigilance is lowered by hard mental work, predicts that addition of irrelevant stimuli will not affect performance. The classic arousal theory, however, states that arousal drops due to monotonous stimulus presentation and predicts that decreasing monotony will enhance performance. Results showed that performance was unaffected by added stimuli. Second, we tested whether a high-demanding task (with identical stimulus presentation as the low demanding task, but different instruction) would cause a greater decline in performance than the low demanding task. Indeed, in the high-demanding task performance was affected most. In sum, it appears that vigilance decreases due to hard mental work, which requires many resources. Both overall performance and decrement in performance can be explained in terms of resources, and this suggests that vigilance tasks should be resource-demanding tasks, which do not have to be of long duration. 相似文献
2.
We study the variety Var() of lattice-ordered monoids generated by the natural numbers. In particular, we show that it contains all 2-generated positively ordered lattice-ordered monoids satisfying appropriate distributive laws. Moreover, we establish that the cancellative totally ordered members of Var() are submonoids of ultrapowers of and can be embedded into ordered fields. In addition, the structure of ultrapowers relevant to the finitely generated case is analyzed. Finally, we provide a complete isomorphy invariant in the two-generated case. 相似文献
3.
Bower S Suomi SJ Paukner A 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2012,126(3):318-323
The ability to recognize kin is an important social skill for primates. Humans are adept at using facial similarity to recognize likely kin, and there is evidence that nonhuman primates are also able to use facial similarity to make judgments about kinship. However, if and how nonhuman primate faces actually contain kinship information remains unclear. To test whether there is objectively measurable facial similarity in related nonhuman primates, we compared facial measurements from related (paternal half-sisters) and unrelated adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Facial measurements were first summarized into 5 factors using a principal component analysis. Differences in these factors between the faces of related macaques were compared with differences between the faces of random unrelated macaques and of age-matched unrelated macaques. The difference in facial measurements between related macaques was significantly smaller than the difference in facial measurements of either group of unrelated macaques, constituting an objective measure of facial similarity in macaque kin. These results indicate that kinship information is contained in the rhesus macaque face and suggest that nonhuman primates may rely in part on facial similarity to distinguish kin. 相似文献
4.
Kai Sassenberg Christina Matschke Annika Scholl 《European journal of social psychology》2011,41(7):886-897
The social identity approach assumes that group members are internally motivated to adhere to group norms. Even though there is plenty of evidence for this assumption, research on how group norms translate into behavior is scarce. If ingroup norms are internalized, they should elicit the same effect as individual standards. Derived from research on internally motivated individual standards, it was predicted that discrepancies from group norms result in more negative affect, lower levels of well‐being, and—based on self‐completion theory—in compensatory effort in case of an opportunity to reduce the discrepancy. One correlational study and four experiments support these predictions. The results are discussed in relation to self‐regulation approaches and the social identity approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
Who's my little monkey? Effects of infant‐directed speech on visual retention in infant rhesus macaques 下载免费PDF全文
Emily M. Slonecker Elizabeth A. Simpson Stephen J. Suomi Annika Paukner 《Developmental science》2018,21(2)
Both human and nonhuman primate adults use infant‐directed facial and vocal expressions across many contexts when interacting with infants (e.g., feeding, playing). This infant‐oriented style of communication, known as infant‐directed speech (IDS), seems to benefit human infants in numerous ways, including facilitating language acquisition. Given the variety of contexts in which adults use IDS, we hypothesized that IDS supports learning beyond the linguistic domain and that these benefits may extend to nonhuman primates. We exposed 2.5‐month‐old rhesus macaque infants (N = 15) to IDS, adult‐directed speech (ADS), and a non‐social control (CTR) during a video presentation of unrelated stimuli. After a 5‐ or 60‐minute delay, infants were shown the familiar video side‐by‐side with a novel video. Infants exhibited a novelty preference after the 5‐minute delay, but not after the 60‐minute delay, in the ADS and CTR conditions, and a novelty preference in the IDS condition only after the 60‐minute delay. These results are the first to suggest that exposure to IDS affects infants’ long‐term memory, even in non‐linguistic animals. 相似文献
6.
Not All Hazards are Created Equal: The Significance of Hazards in Inattentional Blindness for Static Driving Scenes 下载免费PDF全文
Explaining how we attend to some objects and not others in real world environments remains a challenge for theories of attention. Driving is an ideal example of this, as it requires a complex synthesis of attentional processing, while still allowing attention to be captured by hazards. In the current study we employed a static inattentional blindness (IB) driving task in which participants were required to make decisions about the content of driving‐related scenarios. In a critical trial, an additional stimulus was added to the driving scenario. All unexpected stimuli were thematically consistent with a normal driving environment but varied in their level of hazard threat. Rates of IB were consistent with the level of hazard threat of the stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of semantic‐based attentional capture in driving, and models of IB.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Annika?GieselmannEmail author Max?B?ckermann Reinhard?Pietrowsky 《Psychotherapeut》2015,60(5):433-440
Background
Internet-based health interventions can serve as a useful supplement to regular face-to-face therapy only if they are accepted by the clients.Objective
This aim of the current study was to examine the attitudes and opinions of potential users on internet-based health interventions in Germany. This information could make a useful contribution to the development and promotion of measures which target their requirements.Material and methods
To address this issue psychotherapy patients and persons on a waiting list for outpatient psychotherapy were interviewed about their attitudes towards internet-based interventions and compared with the results from a matched control group.Results
Compared with the control group, waiting list candidates in particular declared a reduced interest in engaging in internet-based interventions and both patient groups perceived few advantages. All groups appreciated the enhanced flexibility associated with internet-based interventions, but both patient groups thought that the increased anonymity and reduced inhibition threshold for seeking treatment were less advantageous than the control group. Compared to the controls, both patient groups worried more about privacy issues and a possible misinterpretation of their written statements. Both patient groups considered internet-based psychotherapy as conceivable for the treatment of fewer kinds of psychopathological symptoms than the control group. Patients considered that internet-based treatment of panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and generalized anxiety disorder was least imaginable although, to date, relatively many internet-based options are available for these disorders. There appears to be interest in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions through the internet.Conclusion
To address the reservations concerning privacy protection, paper and pencil registration procedures could be provided. In addition, by clearly emphasizing that there is the possibility of establishing personal contact to a therapist either face to face or by video conference, internet-based services could also be more useful in satisfying patient needs.8.
This study investigated capuchin monkeys' understanding of their own visual search behavior as a means to gather information.
Five monkeys were presented with three tubes that could be visually searched to determine the location of a bait. The bait's
visibility was experimentally manipulated, and the monkeys' spontaneous visual searches before tube selection were analyzed.
In Experiment 1, three monkeys selected the baited tube significantly above chance; however, the monkeys also searched transparent
tubes. In Experiment 2, a bent tube in which food was never visible was introduced. When the bent tube was baited, the monkeys
failed to deduce the bait location and responded randomly. They also continued to look into the bent tube despite not gaining
any pertinent information from it. The capuchin monkeys' behavior contrasts with the efficient employment of visual search
behavior reported in humans, apes and macaques. This difference is consistent with species-related variations in metacognitive
abilities, although other explanations are also possible. 相似文献
9.
Annika Melinder Kristen Alexander Gail S. Goodman Kyrre Lonnum 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2010,105(3):156-177
A critical issue for developmental psychology is how to obtain accurate and complete eyewitness memory reports from preschoolers without offering suggestions that might result in false allegations. We examined effects of two interviewing strategies (police/verbal interviews and clinician/prop-assisted interviews) on young children’s reports about a medical examination. A total of 58 4-year-olds participated in the study, which conformed to a 2 (Interview Type) × 2 (Number of Interviews) factorial design. Analyses revealed that interviewers spent less time off topic and asked more free recall questions in the police/verbal interviews than in the clinician/prop-assisted interviews. Compared with police/verbal interviews, clinician/prop-assisted interviews resulted in significantly more correct rejections and commission errors in children’s memory reports. However, on a final free recall test, error rates were comparable across conditions. Higher child verbal intelligence predicted memory accuracy in police/verbal interviews, and greater parental attachment anxiety predicted children being asked a higher number of misleading questions. The study provides new insights into interview techniques that promote preschoolers’ accurate eyewitness reports. 相似文献
10.
Jonathan van ’t Riet Annika C. Meeuwes Laura van der Voorden Jeroen Jansz 《Basic and applied social psychology》2013,35(4):180-194
AbstractRecent years have seen a tremendous rise in the development and distribution of persuasive games: digital games that are used to influence players’ attitudes and/or behavior. Three studies (NStudy 1?=?134; NStudy 2?=?94; NStudy 3?=?161) tested the effects of a persuasive game on immersion, identification, and willingness to help. The results showed that playing the persuasive game did not result in substantially stronger willingness to help, relative to the control conditions. Video and printed text resulted in more immersion than the digital game, but playing the game resulted in substantially higher perceptions of embodied presence. 相似文献