Cognitive Schemas,Adversity, and Interpersonal Functioning: An Exploratory Study within Undergraduate Women

Healthy relationships are an important indicator of adjustment for survivors of psychological adversity. However, experiences of adversity and stress symptoms can impair the quality of relationships. This study explores the underlying cognitive mechanisms that contribute to intimacy and conflict styles in close relationships. Global maladaptive schemas (GMS) and relational health schemas were used in this investigation of 109 undergraduate women. Participants reported a range of adverse experiences and stress symptoms. The findings indicated that relational health schemas were positively associated with integrating and compromising conflict styles, which blend concern for self and close friends in conflict situations. Higher GMS were associated with withdrawal conflict style. Findings also indicated that perceptions of intimacy were predicted by low stress symptoms.     

男性罪犯人格和抑郁的关系研究

该研究采用问卷法{中国罪犯个性分测验量表（COPA—PI）、自评抑郁量表（SDS）},对在押的200名男性犯人的人格和抑郁的关系进行研究,结果发现：1）人格和抑郁之间存在着显著相关关系。2）混合型罪犯在人格因子“同情”上的得分显著低于暴力型罪犯,在“暴力倾向”上的得分显著高于财产型罪犯,在“变态心理”和抑郁上的得分显著高于财产型和暴力型罪犯。3）有前科罪犯的抑郁分数显著高于无前科罪犯。4）“焦虑”、“聪敏”、“波动”、“同情”四个人格因子对罪犯的抑郁情绪有显著预测力。为罪犯矫治工作提供了科学的理论依据和指导。     

人格特质与认知操作关系的初步研究

本研究采用NEO PI R测试 ,以逻辑推理为认知操作指标 ,初步考察了人格特质与大学生认知操作的关系。结果表明 :①神经质、外倾性与逻辑推理有显著负相关 ,开放性则与之呈正相关 ;②人格特质和认知操作关系的偏相关分析与相关分析的结果基本一致 ;③多元逐步回归分析显示 ,外倾性与逻辑推理有负性预测关系 ,开放性及严谨性则与逻辑推理有正性预测关系 ;④人格特质与认知操作的关系受操作难度、认知任务和兴趣类型等因素制约。     

人格与无手机恐惧的关系：独处行为的中介作用

研究选取678名大学生被试,探究了人格、无手机恐惧与独处行为之间的关系。结果表明：（1）神经质和开放性正向预测无手机恐惧,独处行为也正向预测无手机恐惧;（2）独处行为在神经质和开放性维度与无手机恐惧的关系中起中介作用。具体来说,独处行为中的孤僻、社交回避和孤独维度在神经质与无手机恐惧的关系中起中介作用;而积极独处在开放性与无手机恐惧的关系中起中介作用。     

人格因素与抑郁症

本文综述了人格因素与抑郁症之间关系的许多研究,阐述了几种人格维度、人格特质与抑郁症的发病、症状、过程、及治疗反应之间复杂的关系,并指出了以往研究中的不足之处及将来的研究方向。     

人际自立与抑郁的关系

前期研究显示人际自立与抑郁负相关, 本研究用两个调查来进一步探索人际自立与抑郁关系的价值与特点。研究一使用青少年学生人际自立量表、社会依赖量表中文修订版和自评抑郁量表对471名有效被试进行了调查, 结果发现：①人际主动、人际灵活与社会依赖无关; ②在控制了社会依赖后, 人际自立对抑郁仍有显著的负向预测作用。研究二使用青少年学生人际自立量表、症状自评量表中的抑郁分量表、社会支持评定量表对287名有效被试进行了调查。结果发现, 调节模型不被支持, 社会支持在人际独立、人际开放、人际主动与抑郁的关系中起到中介作用。综上所述可以认为：人际自立负向预测抑郁的能力很可能不会受其他抑郁相关人格的明显影响, 很可能是新的抑郁的保护性人格因素; 人际因素很可能在人际自立与抑郁的关系中起到中介作用。     

心理虐待对儿童认知情绪调节策略的影响：人格特质的中介作用

采用儿童认知情绪调节问卷、儿童版艾森克人格问卷、儿童心理虐待量表对405名8～12岁儿童进行研究,考察人格特质在心理虐待对认知情绪调节策略关系中的中介作用。结果发现：(1)儿童心理虐待与不适应性认知情绪调节策略呈显著正相关;儿童神经质与不适应性认知情绪调节策略呈显著正相关儿童内外倾与适应性认知情绪调节策略呈显著正相关(2)儿童神经质在心理虐待与儿童不适应性认知情绪调节策略关系间起到完全中介作用（3）该中介模型具有性别和年龄的测量等值性。研究结果显示,儿童心理虐待可以通过神经质的中介作用影响不适应性认知情绪调节策略。     

人格特质对认知老化的影响及其机制

认知老化是指与年龄相关的认知功能损害.影响认知老化的因素很多,人格是这些因素背后的重要动因.当前有关人格与认知老化的研究主要探讨了不同人格特质对认知老化的具体影响及作用机制两个方面.尽管不同人格特质与认知老化的关系逐渐清晰起来,但现有研究在一些问题上仍存在争议.未来可以从不同研究范式的结果对比、人格特质对认知老化影响机制的内在问题、人格与人格特质的稳定性及其影响、人格特质对认知老化影响的本土化研究等几个方面进一步强化和拓展.     

中学生人格和认知风格与社会适应性关系

本研究选取了832名中学生,采用问卷的方法探讨了人格、认知风格及社会适应性的关系。结果发现:(1)中学生人格在不同的人口学变量上的差异状况不同。(2)年龄是中学生认知风格的重要影响因素。(3)中学生社会适应性总体发展具有年级差异而不具有性别差异。(4)中学生人格可以直接与影响社会适应性,认知风格可以影响社会适应性的部分因子,人格中部分因素可以通过认知风格对社会适应性的部分因子产生显著影响。     

社会隔离对老年人认知功能的影响：有调节的链式中介效应

基于5162名老年被试,探究社会隔离对老年人认知功能的影响、孤独感和抑郁的中介作用以及认知储备的调节作用。研究发现：（1）社会隔离显著负向预测认知功能,朋友隔离的预测作用较家庭隔离突出;（2）抑郁在其间发挥独立中介作用,孤独感和抑郁在其间发挥链式中介作用;（3）认知储备显著调节社会隔离、孤独感和抑郁对认知功能的影响,低认知储备是孤独感独立中介作用成立的条件,且低认知储备下抑郁的独立中介作用以及孤独感和抑郁的链式中介作用更强。研究结论对于老年人认知功能的保护工作具有积极意义。     

支气管哮喘伴发抑郁与人格、应对和社会支持的关系分析

研究分析支气管哮喘伴发抑郁与人格、应对和社会支持的关系。对216例支气管哮喘患者应用自评抑郁量表、大五人格量表、特质应对方式问卷和社会支持评定量表进行调查,对收集到的数据进行Pearson相关分析、多元逐步回归分析和路径分析。结果显示49．1％的支气管哮喘患者存在不同程度的抑郁情绪;哮喘患者的抑郁程度、人格、应对方式和社会支持之间存在着不同程度的显著相关;人格、应对和社会支持都是影响支气管哮喘伴发抑郁的影响因素,人格的神经质是其重要的预测因素,它除了能直接影响哮喘患者的抑郁程度,还能通过社会支持和应对方式对其起间接的作用。研究提示人格的神经质、公正严谨性和消极应对方式是支气管哮喘伴发抑郁的直接的预测因素。     

Gender Schemas: A Cognitive Explanation of Discrimination of Women in Technology

Despite the need for qualified personnel in the field of information technology (IT), women are under represented. Recruiting has been difficult and those women entering the profession often leave. Gender schema theory adds to the explanation of behaviors and attitudes in the workplace that may adversely impact women in technology. We surveyed members of Systers, an online forum for women in technology, to examine gender schemas of IT women to see if there is a significant difference between them and the general public. Our findings suggest that there is a significant difference in the gender-schemas of women in technology and the gender-schemas of the general population. A subsequent sample of male IT students and men in the general public also indicated a significant difference in gender schemas of these two groups. Implications of these differences and future research in this area are discussed.     

Adult Attachment Styles and Psychological Disease: Examining the Mediating Role of Personality Traits

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to examine differences in anxiety and depression related to differences in attachment models of the self and of others and whether personality traits mediate this relationship. The authors assessed attachment styles, anxiety, depression, and personality traits among 274 adult volunteers. Participants were classified into 4 attachment groups (secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing–avoidant) according to K. Bartholomew's (1990) Bartholomew, K. 1990. Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7: 147–178. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] model. The present authors found significant differences among attachment groups on anxiety and depressive symptoms with attachment styles involving a negative self-model showing higher scores than attachment styles characterized by a positive self-model. The authors also found that differences between attachment styles in anxiety and depression remained significant when personality factors related to attachment prototypes were entered as covariates. Results indicate that secure attachment in adults was associated with better mental health, while insecure attachment styles characterized by negative thinking about the self were associated with higher depression and anxiety scores. Our findings seem to evidence that attachment and personality are only partly overlapping and that attachment cannot be considered as redundant with personality in the explanation of psychological disease.     

Modeling Interactions Between Latent Variables in Research on Type D Personality: A Monte Carlo Simulation and Clinical Study of Depression and Anxiety

Several approaches exist to model interactions between latent variables. However, it is unclear how these perform when item scores are skewed and ordinal. Research on Type D personality serves as a good case study for that matter. In Study 1, we fitted a multivariate interaction model to predict depression and anxiety with Type D personality, operationalized as an interaction between its two subcomponents negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI). We constructed this interaction according to four approaches: (1) sum score product; (2) single product indicator; (3) matched product indicators; and (4) latent moderated structural equations (LMS). In Study 2, we compared these interaction models in a simulation study by assessing for each method the bias and precision of the estimated interaction effect under varying conditions. In Study 1, all methods showed a significant Type D effect on both depression and anxiety, although this effect diminished after including the NA and SI quadratic effects. Study 2 showed that the LMS approach performed best with respect to minimizing bias and maximizing power, even when item scores were ordinal and skewed. However, when latent traits were skewed LMS resulted in more false-positive conclusions, while the Matched PI approach adequately controlled the false-positive rate.     

抑郁症认知治疗理论及实践进展

认知治疗分化为认知行为与认知分析治疗两个流派。抑郁的贝克认知模型、归因模型、自我价值关联模型以及抑郁的注意过程等认知理论为认知治疗奠定了基础。认知行为治疗、认知行为分析系统心理治疗以及基于冥想的认知治疗等已经在实践中被较有力的临床证据检验。认知治疗在抑郁症的治疗中已显示出广泛的应用前景。     

父母冲突对青少年抑郁的影响:认知反应性的中介作用

采用父母冲突儿童知觉量表(CPIC)、抑郁体验问卷(DEQ)、莱顿抑郁敏感指数量表(LEIDS)测量753名高中生,以便分析认知反应性在父母冲突与抑郁之间的中介作用。结果表明:(1)父母冲突显著正向预测认知反应性; 认知反应性显著正向预测青少年抑郁;(2)认知反应性在父母冲突与青少年抑郁之间具有完全中介作用。因此,认知反应性作为中介变量,父母冲突通过认知反应性对青少年抑郁具有稳定的间接作用。     

班级环境与青少年抑郁的关系：核心自我评价的中介与调节作用

通过整群抽样的方法抽取了1404名中学生,对其施测核心自我评价量表,我的班级问卷和抑郁问卷,应用无约束结构方程模型技术和结构方程中介效应检验技术,分别考察了核心自我评价在班级环境与抑郁关系间的调节与中介作用。结果表明：（1）核心自我评价对班级环境中的师生关系、同学关系、竞争三者和抑郁之间的关系起着调节作用,但结构模型的拟合指数不佳;（2）核心自我评价在班级环境与青少年抑郁间起着中介作用,其中核心自我评价在竞争与抑郁间关系起着完全中介作用。     

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Depression with Comorbid Borderline Personality Traits

Personality dysfunction can influence the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms. When both depression and personality dysfunction are present, it is important to develop an integrated treatment plan that addresses both conditions. A case example is used to illustrate how features of borderline personality disorder can influence the assessment and treatment of major depression. Specific challenges encountered by the therapist include: 1) differentiating borderline personality from depressive symptoms, 2) maintaining the therapeutic alliance, 3) managing impulsivity and self-destructive tendencies, 4) staying focused on long-term therapeutic goals, and 5) coping with noncompliance. Over the course of 27 sessions, the client was able to make positive changes in mood, self-image, and impulsive tendencies. Although the client's borderline personality traits complicated the course of treatment for depression, neglecting these personality problems would have left the client vulnerable to depressive relapse.     

社交网站成瘾与青少年抑郁的关系:认知负载和核心自我评价的中介作用

为探讨社交网站成瘾对青少年抑郁的影响及其作用机制,在素质-压力模型的视角下,采用社交网站成瘾量表、认知负载量表、核心自我评价量表和流调中心抑郁量表,对武汉市三所全日制中学886名初中生进行调查。结果表明:(1)社交网站成瘾、认知负载、核心自我评价和抑郁两两间存在显著的相关,且社交网站成瘾对抑郁具有显著的正向预测作用;(2)认知负载和核心自我评价能在社交网站成瘾与抑郁的关系中起完全中介作用。具体而言,社交网站成瘾通过三条路径影响抑郁:一是认知负载的单独中介作用;二是核心自我评价的单独中介作用;三是认知负载-核心自我评价的链式中介作用。本研究揭示了社交网站成瘾与抑郁的关系及其作用机制,拓展了社交网站成瘾对个体心理社会适应的研究。     

人格特质与认知能力的关系及其年龄差异

人格是影响认知能力的重要因素, 不同的人格特质与认知能力的关系不同, 人格与认知能力的关系在不同年龄阶段也有所不同。当前的研究主要探讨了人格特质与认知能力之间的关系以及不同人格特质对不同认知能力的影响, 并在不同的年龄阶段进行比较。有关不同人格特质对认知能力的影响结果逐渐清晰, 但现有的研究结果存在很多争议。未来可以在人格的稳定性及其对认知能力的影响、人格对认知能力影响的作用机制及其相关影响因素、跨文化研究和研究范式等方面继续深化, 以获取对该研究问题更科学的研究结论。