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1.
Two studies investigated the connection between narcissism and sensitivity to criticism. In study 1, participants completed
the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the Sensitivity to Criticism Scale (SCS) and were asked to construct and
deliver speeches to be rated by performance judges. They were then asked whether they would like to receive evaluative feedback.
Narcissism and sensitivity to criticism were mildly, but not significantly, negatively correlated and had contrasting relationships
with choices regarding feedback. Highly narcissistic participants tended to seek (rather than avoid) feedback, whereas highly
sensitive participants tended to reject feedback opportunities. Study 2 examined the relationship between sensitivity to criticism
and both overt and covert narcissism. Those scoring high on the trait narcissism, as measured by the NPI, tended to be less
sensitive to criticism, sought (rather than avoided) feedback opportunities, experienced little internalized negative emotions
in response to “extreme” feedback conditions, and did not expect to ruminate over their performance. By contrast, participants
scoring high on a measure of “covert narcissism” were high in sensitivity to criticism, tended to avoid feedback opportunities,
experienced high levels of internalized negative emotions, and showed high levels of expected rumination. These findings suggest
that the relationship between narcissism and sensitivity to criticism is highly dependent upon the definition or “form” of
narcissism considered. 相似文献
2.
Vija B. Lusebrink Ph.D. F. J. McGuigan Ph.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1989,24(2):58-62
McGuigan’s neuromuscular model of information processing (1978a, 1978b, and 1989) was investigated by electrically recording
eye movements (electro-oculograms), covert lip and preferred arm responses (electromyograms), and electroencephalograms. This
model predicts that codes are generated as the lips are uniquely activated when processing words beginning with bilabial sounds
like “p” or “b,” as is the right arm to words like “pencil” that refer to its use. Twelve adult female participants selected
for their high imagery ratings were asked to form images to three orally presented linguistic stimuli: the letter “p,” the
words “pencil” and “pasture,” and to a control stimulus, the words “go blank.” The following findings were significant beyond
the 0.05 level: an increased covert lip response only to the letter “p,” increased vertical eye activity to “p” and to the
word “pencil,” right arm response only to the word “pencil,” and a decreased percentage of alpha waves from the right 02 lead
only to the word “pasture.” Since these covert responses uniquely occurred during specific imagery processes, it is inferred
that they are components of neuromuscular circuits that function in accord with the model of information processing tested. 相似文献
3.
Kristin L. Sommer Kristen L. Kirkland Stacey R. Newman Patricia Estrella John L. Andreassi 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(5):1083-1115
This study examined the interactive effects of imagined rejection and narcissism on cardiovascular reactivity (CVR). Participants completed measures of overt narcissism (Narcissistic Personality Inventory, NPI; Raskin & Hall, 1979 ), overt–covert narcissism ( Margolis & Thomas, 1980 ), and trait self‐esteem. They then imagined 2 scenarios culminating in either interpersonal acceptance or rejection. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed before, during, and after the imagery. Overt–covert narcissism was positively associated with task increases in SBP and DBP and recovery elevation of HR following rejection, but not acceptance. Similar effects on SBP were found for the Entitlement/Exploitativeness dimension of the NPI. Lower self‐esteem predicted greater task increases in SBP, DBP, and HR across conditions. Implications for health are discussed. 相似文献
4.
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between maladaptive narcissism, attachment anxiety, and attachment avoidance. The secondary objective of the present research was to explore further the differences between overt and covert forms of narcissistic vulnerability. Female participants (N = 171) completed measures of adult attachment, overt narcissism, and covert narcissism. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) explored the multivariate relationship between overt and covert narcissism, on one hand, and adult attachment dimensions of anxiety and avoidance, on the other hand. CCA indicated the two linear combinations of variables overlapped significantly and shared about a quarter of their variance in common. The most important variable within the narcissism set was covert narcissism; and within the adult attachment set, both anxiety and avoidance were important, but the former more than the latter. The implications of the present findings are discussed in the context of past and future research on personality, attachment, and the experience of emotions. 相似文献
5.
Two studies of college undergraduates (ns = 95 and 92, primarily non-Hispanic whites and Asian Americans) investigated gender stereotypes of stress and emotion, as
well as variables that influence the perception of gender-related differences. Study 1 assessed how gender stereotypes differ
from the self-reports of men and women. When asked to choose a label for the subjective experience of the average man and
the average woman in a series of problematic hypothetical situations, participants generally tended to believe that the average
female would feel ‘emotional,” but that the average male would feel “stressed.” By contrast, the label participants chose
to describe their own subjective experience was not significantly affected by their gender. In addition, participants believed
the average woman and man differed more in the intensity of their emotions than in the intensity of their stress, a belief
contradicted by their own self-reports. Results of Study 2 indicated that gender-related differences in estimations of stress
and emotion for the self were reduced or eliminated when specific information about experience-eliciting situations was provided.
We would like to thank Matthew Dank for his help in preparing the stimulus materials. 相似文献
6.
Tanja S. Stucke 《欧洲人格杂志》2003,17(6):465-478
The study examined the relationship between narcissism, performance attributions, and negative emotions following success or failure. As expected, narcissistic individuals showed more self‐serving attributions for their performance in an intelligence test than less narcissistic individuals: compared with less narcissistic individuals, narcissists revealed a stronger tendency to attribute success to ability and failure to task difficulty. In contrast to this, less narcissistic participants tended to show the opposite pattern by ascribing failure, but not success, to their ability. Additionally, anger and depression could be predicted by an interaction of performance feedback and performance attributions. Mediation analyses revealed that the attribution dimensions ‘task difficulty’ and ‘ability’ mediated the effect of narcissism on anger and depression following failure feedback. The results provide support for the theoretical assumption that attributional processes might, at least to some extent, explain the often reported relation between narcissism and negative emotions following failure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Positive and negative implications of two types of college-age narcissism on psychosocial functioning at midlife were studied in a longitudinal sample of women. Both types were scored with self-report measures when the women were, on the average, age 21. Throughout the first half of their adult life, high scorers on covert narcissism presented themselves as lacking in confidence and having low morale; high scorers on overt narcissism described themselves as wanting admiration, being independent, and being forceful. Positive outcomes associated with covert narcissism included the development of insight and of a differentiated sense of the self and, in the case of overt narcissism, entailed an involvement in high-status and creative work careers. At midlife, high scorers on covert narcissism experienced negative affect and feelings of being neglected, whereas high scorers on overt narcissism experienced family conflict and problems with impulse control. The personality characteristics associated with both types of narcissism remained stable from the early 20s to early 50s. 相似文献
8.
Prior research indicates that category labels influence category judgments, but little is known regarding the effects for
familiar categories with significant social consequences. The present studies address this issue by examining the effect of
linguistic form on judgments of illnesses. Both mental and physical illnesses were presented in each of three linguistic forms:
noun, adjective, and possessive phrase. In Study 1, participants were asked to judge the permanence of a set of novel illnesses
that differed in wording (e.g., “He is a baxtermic”; “He is baxtermic”; “He has baxtermia”). In Studies 2 and 3, participants
were asked to judge which forms of wording were most familiar for actual mental illnesses (e.g., schizophrenia) and physical
illnesses (e.g., diabetes). In Study 4, participants were asked to judge the permanence of a set of familiar illnesses that
differed in wording. The results indicated that for novel illnesses, nouns (“is a”) imply greatest permanence and possessive nouns (“has”) imply least permanence. However, for familiar illnesses, permanence judgments are also influenced by how frequently each form appears in ordinary language use. Mental
illnesses are more often expressed with relatively permanent forms (“is” and “is a”) , whereas physical illnesses are more
often expressed with relatively transient forms (“has”). The results demonstrate the importance of both linguistic form and
conventional wording patterns on how categories are interpreted. 相似文献
9.
Two experiments investigated the effects of musicality and motivational orientation on auditory category learning. In both
experiments, participants learned to classify tone stimuli that varied in frequency and duration according to an initially
unknown disjunctive rule; feedback involved gaining points for correct responses (a gains reward structure) or losing points
for incorrect responses (a losses reward structure). For Experiment 1, participants were told at the start that musicians
typically outperform nonmusicians on the task, and then they were asked to identify themselves as either a “musician” or a
“nonmusician.” For Experiment 2, participants were given either a promotion focus prime (a performance-based opportunity to
gain entry into a raffle) or a prevention focus prime (a performance-based criterion that needed to be maintained to avoid
losing an entry into a raffle) at the start of the experiment. Consistent with a regulatory-fit hypothesis, self-identified
musicians and promotion-primed participants given a gains reward structure made more correct tone classifications and were
more likely to discover the optimal disjunctive rule than were musicians and promotion-primed participants experiencing losses.
Reward structure (gains vs. losses) had inconsistent effects on the performance of nonmusicians, and a weaker regulatory-fit
effect was found for the prevention focus prime. Overall, the findings from this study demonstrate a regulatory-fit effect
in the domain of auditory category learning and show that motivational orientation may contribute to musician performance
advantages in auditory perception. 相似文献
10.
This study investigated the theoretical and empirical links between narcissism and competitiveness by focusing on the multifaceted features of these individual difference variables. The present study compared measures of overt narcissism (Narcissistic Personality Inventory, NPI; Raskin & Terry, 1988) and covert narcissism (Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, HSNS; Hendin & Cheek, 1997) with measures of competitiveness (Revised Competitiveness Index, CI-R; Houston, Harris, McIntire, & Francis, 2002) and hypercompetitiveness (Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale, HCS; Ryckman, Hammer, Kaczor, & Gold, 1990). Based on a sample of 324 undergraduates, positive relationships were found between overt narcissism and general competitiveness and hypercompetitiveness. However, covert narcissism was negatively related to general competitiveness but positively related to hypercompetitiveness. The findings highlight the similarities and distinctions between different forms of narcissism and competitiveness and provide a broader framework for understanding the relationship between narcissism and competitiveness. Implications for the interpersonal manifestation of these different forms are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Nima Ghorbani P. J. Watson Stephen W. Krauss Mark N. Bing H. Kristl Davison 《Current Psychology》2004,23(2):111-123
This investigation most importantly sought to illustrate the use of social science to promote cross-cultural dialogue. Fukuyama
(1992) explained contemporary cultural trends in terms of a triumphant individualism that would overcome all other forms of
social life, including what he described as the “fundamentalist resentment” of Iran. Lasch (1979) more pessimistically diagnosed
Western social arrangements in terms of an emerging “culture of narcissism.” In this study, Iranian and American university
students responded to measures of narcissism, individualist and collectivist values, religious interest, and psychological
adjustment (identity, self-actualization, and self-consciousness). Variables related to a sense of community (collectivist
values, religious interest, and identity) correlated negatively with narcissism in both societies, as did self-actualization.
These data supported a moderate position between the polarized extremes of Fukuyama and Lasch and more importantly demonstrated
how social scientific methods might be useful in creating a “space” for conducting a “dialogue between civilizations.” 相似文献
12.
This investigation most importantly sought to illustrate the use of social science to promote cross-cultural dialogue. Fukuyama
(1992) explained contemporary cultural trends in terms of a triumphant individualism that would overcome all other forms of
social life, including what he described as the “fundamentalist resentment” of Iran. Lasch (1979) more pessimistically diagnosed
Western social arrangements in terms of an emerging “culture of narcissism.” In this study, Iranian and American university
students responded to measures of narcissism, individualist and collectivist values, religious interest, and psychological
adjustment (identity, self-actualization, and self-consciousness). Variables related to a sense of community (collectivist
values, religious interest, and identity) correlated negatively with narcissism in both societies, as did self-actualization.
These data supported a moderate position between the polarized extremes of Fukuyama and Lasch and more importantly demonstrated
how social scientific methods might be useful in creating a “space” for conducting a “dialogue between civilizations.” 相似文献
13.
The mere-exposure literature has shown that familiar objects are preferred to novel objects. However, no work has definitively
shown that mere exposure can direct and facilitate approach movements. In Experiment 1, participants were shown stimuli and
were later re-exposed to them along with novel stimuli. Participants were directed to make an approach or avoidant motion
to each and response times were recorded. As predicted, participants were quicker to approach and slower to avoid familiar
relative to novel stimuli. In Experiment 2, participants were shown mere-exposed and novel symbols and were asked to “push”
or “pull” a joystick in response to each, based on their intuition. Extending Experiment 1’s findings, participants freely
selected an approach response more frequently for familiar compared to novel stimuli. Moreover, in this same experiment, familiar
stimuli were judged as more likeable than were novel stimuli, and participants’ liking for familiar stimuli correlated with
the frequency with which they were approached. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Covert narcissism as a predictor of internalizing symptoms after performance feedback in adolescents
Mallory L. MalkinChristopher T. Barry Virgil Zeigler-Hill 《Personality and individual differences》2011,51(5):623-628
The present study examined the association between covert narcissism and internalizing symptoms (i.e., shame, anxiety) in adolescents following an ego threat. Participants were 132 adolescents (101 males, 30 females, 1 not reported), ages 16-19 (M = 16.81 years, SD = .81), attending a residential program. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three feedback conditions (i.e., positive, negative, or neutral). Contrary to the main hypothesis, Time 2 internalizing symptoms tended to be highest for individuals in the positive feedback condition who had higher levels of narcissism. The implications of this study for understanding the role of narcissism in internalizing symptoms are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Soyer RB Rovenpor JL Kopelman RE Mullins LS Watson PJ 《The Journal of psychology》2001,135(3):245-258
CT. The authors build on earlier research by L. S. Mullins and R. E. Kopelman (1988) and R. E. Kopelman and L. S. Mullins (1992) to reexamine the construct validity of four narcissism scales: the Margolis-Thomas Measure of Narcissism (MT; H. D. Margolis & V. A. Thomas, 1980), the Narcissistic Personality Disorder Scale (NPDS; H. U. Ashby, R. R. Lee, & E. H. Duke, 1979), the Narcissism-Hypersensitivity subscale of the MMPI, Scale 5, Masculinity-Femininity (NHMF; K. Serkownek, 1975), and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; R. Raskin & C. S. Hall, 1979). The present analysis included the revised NPI and its factors along with four measures of satisfaction and a number of other previously assessed variables. The MT exhibited the strongest validity, correlating positively with conceptually related constructs such as Machiavellianism, nonsignificantly with unrelated measures like the need to achieve, and inversely with all four satisfaction scales. Contrasts between the NPI and NPDS and NHMF seemed to parallel recent differentiations between overt and covert narcissism, but data for the NPI factors suggested instead that the four narcissism scales helped describe a complex psychological continuum related to adjustment. 相似文献
16.
F. J. McGuigan Ph.D. Andrew B. Dollins Ph.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1989,24(1):19-26
In previous research a discriminative relationship has been established between patterns of covert speech behavior and the
phonemic system when processing continuous linguistic material. The goal of the present research was to be more analytic and
pinpoint covert neuromuscular speech patterns when one processes specific instances of phonemes. Electromyographic (EMG) recording
indicated that the lips are significantly active when visually processing the letter “P” (an instance of bilabial material),
but not when processing the letter “T” or a nonlinguistic control (C) stimulus. Similarly, the tongue is significantly active
when processing the letter “T” (an instance of lingual-alveolar material), but not when processing the letters “P” or “C.”
It is concluded that the speech musculature covertly responds systematically as a function of class of phoneme being processed.
These results accord with our model that semantic processing (“understanding”) occurs when the speech (and other) musculature
interacts with linguistic regions of the brain. In the interactions phonetic coding is generated and transmitted through neuromuscular
circuits that have cybernetic characteristics. 相似文献
17.
Austin J. Simpson Anthony D. Hermann Mark J. Lehtman Robert C. Fuller 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2016,35(2):195-206
As levels of narcissism rise among Americans, it is important to understand how being narcissistic affects individuals’ day-to-day lives. One domain in which narcissism may have particularly interesting effects is individuals’ spirituality. When interpersonal expectations have been violated, individuals experience a variety of emotions. Chief among these emotions is guilt, which is linked both thematically and empirically to many aspects of Western religion. Given narcissism’s complex relationship with guilt, it is important to investigate how narcissists may react to failings in the interpersonal domain, particularly in a spiritual context. The current study investigated the effects of a simulated interpersonal failing on narcissists’ interest in a variety of spiritual behaviors, including prayer, seeking spiritual guidance, and participating in spiritual activities aimed at self-enhancement. After reading a scenario designed to induce feelings associated with interpersonal failings, participants reported their interest in a variety of religious activities, including prayer. Results indicated that the manipulation tended to decrease interest in a variety of spiritual activities across the sample, but that these effects were only robust among participants high in narcissism. 相似文献
18.
Alexithymia is a personality trait associated with the reduced ability to regulate, identify, and communicate feelings or
emotions and is often linked to psychosomatic disorders. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate
the relationship between individual differences in alexithymia and emotion regulation. Participants classified as scoring
either high or low on the revised form of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; Taylor, Bagby, & Parker Psychother Psychosom
57:34–41, 1992) were asked to view negative and neutral images, adopting three different regulation strategies (expressive suppression,
cognitive reappraisal, and attend) while ERPs were recorded. Results revealed an inverse relationship between TAS scores and
emotion-related ERP activity during suppression, but not during reappraisal or a control “attend” condition. These results
were observed in both early and late ERP latencies. These findings are interpreted according to potential differences between
high- and low-TAS individuals regarding the frequency of prior utilization of suppression-based regulation strategies. 相似文献
19.
Recent work on the distinctive features of emotions appraised as either negative or positive has links to the investigation
of differences in levels of emotional intelligence. In a study with experienced teachers as participants, it was found that
emotional reactions to positive or negative situations was moderated by level of emotional intelligence. The reactions to
positively charged emotional situations involving students and peers were similar for teachers with high and low levels of
emotional intelligence, although the low level group showed somewhat lower likelihood of making an “emotionally intelligent”
response compared to the high level group. A much sharper contrast in response likelihood was found for negatively charged
emotional situations involving students and peers. Teachers with high levels of emotional intelligence responded quite differently
to those with low levels of emotional intelligence. The results indicate the prospect of clarifying a neglected area of exploration
of differences in the likely behaviour of teachers differing in levels of emotional intelligence. 相似文献
20.
There is a lack of consensus surrounding the conceptualization of narcissism. The present study compared two measures of narcissism-one used in clinical settings (Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, PDQ-4+; Hyler, 1994) and one used in social-personality research (Narcissistic Personality Inventory, NPI; Raskin & Terry, 1988)-across two samples. Sample 1 (N=271) was composed of undergraduates, whereas Sample 2 (N=211) was composed of parents of the Sample 1 participants. The scales were significantly interrelated but manifested divergent relations with general personality traits, personality disorders (including expert prototypal ratings of narcissism), recollections of parenting received, and psychological distress and self-esteem. PDQ-4 narcissism captured an emotionally unstable, negative-affect-laden, and introverted variant of narcissism; NPI narcissism captured an emotionally resilient, extraverted form. The clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism primarily share a tendency to use an antagonistic interpersonal style. Implications for the DSM-V are discussed. 相似文献