STAGES IN CONCEPT FORMATION AND LEVELS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING

This paper deals with a process of intuitive concept formation which is assumed to take place when learning of the concept involves unfamiliar discriminations, and is subordinate relative to some salient behavioral goal. Under such conditions, three separate stages of learning are hypothesized. At first, the defining property acquires perceptual dominance. After that, the functional concept is achieved. Finally, the verbal concept is developed as an insight into and symbolic representation of an already established intuitive discriminatory mechanism. This follows from certain theoretical assumptions concerning levels of cognitive organization, it is maintained, and is also in part corroborated by the findings from a preliminary experimental study.     

关于概念形成的一项实验研究

本文用汉字假设测验模型研究了概念的形成过程。结果表明,汉字假设测验模型是研究概念形成的较好形式;概念的难度能影响概念的形成过程;概念的形成过程为一突变线;被试所采用的不同策略及其知识经验能影响概念的形成过程;就概念的形成水平而言,男女被试间并不存在有统计学意义的差别。     

概念形成渐进—突变过程的实验性探索

本研究用汉字笔划和英文字母组成假设检验模型,以72名中国大学生和72名美国大学生为被试,探索概念形成的过程。 实验结果通过制作文生曲线和直线回归分析发现:概念形成过程的总趋势是一个渐进—突变过程,即先渐进,后突变,无明显高原现象。     

EVIDENCE FOR RELATIONAL-CODING IN CONCEPT FORMATION,AND A NOTE ON THE EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK*

The purpose of the present paper was to determine whether people encode relations among component features in experience, or whether they simply encode the occurrence of features separately as independent cues. This has become a major issue in theories of concept-formation at the present time. It is suggested in this paper that two problems have particularly obstructed a clear resolution of the issue. The first is a consistent failure to check to what extent training materials actually contain relations among features, before results are declared in favour of a particular model. The second is the use, hitherto, of only informal methods of analysing such relations, where they exist, and of predicting from them the structure of the concept. This paper describes an expression for measuring the overall relations among feature-variables in concept training materials. It also introduces a methodology, using log-linear models, for predicting concept structures on the basis of those relations. An experiment combined these methods to assess whether subjects abstracted relations among features, or whether they abstracted independent cues. A subsidiary aim was to assess how feedback, based on independent-cue information, during learning, affected the construction of the concept. The results came out strongly in favour of relational-coding and there was some evidence that feedback based on independent-cues retarded concept formation.     

双语儿童概念获得的研究

思惟和语言的关系,长期以来是一个争论的问题。很多心理学家、语言学家、心理语言学家曾致力于这一问题的探讨,得出的结论常迥然不同。苏联心理学家把思惟与内部语言联系起来,视思惟、语言为同一过程。持语言相对论的Whorf(1956)认为思惟依赖于语言。瑞士心理学家Piaget(Piaget和Inhelder,1969)持语言发展依赖于认识活动     

THE CONCEPT OF CORRELATION IN ADULTS

In the first of two experiments on the concept of correlation in adult subjects, the subjects' frequency estimates and inferences of relationship were studied relative to five different 2 × 2 distributions, each presented in a fixed sequence. In experiment II, the subjects' spontaneous strategies in subdividing and analyzing one 2 × 2 distribution were studied in a free situation. It is concluded that adult subjects with no statistical training apparently have no adequate concept of correlation (based on the ratio of the two pairs of diagonal frequencies), and that, in so far as they reason statistically at all, they tend to depend exclusively on the frequency of ++ cases in judging relationship. The need for studies involving ordinal scale and fully quantified variates is stressed.     

小学儿童合取概念的形成及其与元认知的关系

采用个别访谈与问卷相结合的方法．研究了小学四、五、六年级共48名儿童合取概念的形成及其元认知的发展。结果表明．小学儿童形成合取概念的能力发展既具有渐进性,又有不均衡性;其元认知知识水平和元认知监控能力的发展均呈现出稳中有变的趋势;各年级的元认知能力与形成合取概念的步数之间均存在非常显著的相关。     

信息加工的阶段及其年龄差异源

选择7—19岁的被试140名,对四种不同任务进行操作。结果表明,相同图形的空间调整过程速度除7岁年龄段以外,其余年龄段变化较小;不同图形调整过程速度、不同字母转换过程速度和不同字母的转换差异速度到了11岁以后,基本保持不变,而且,图形调整速度和字母转换速度基本相同;指数函数能较好地描述选择和反应过程速度随年龄增长而变化的特性,不能较好地描述字母转换过程速度随年龄增长而变化的特性,直线方程则不能很好地描述不同任务加工速度随年龄增长而变化的特性;最后,本研究对信息加工阶段及其年龄差异源进行了讨论。     

马斯洛需要理论的一个关键概念

通过对行为主义和传统的本能理论的批判,马斯洛提出了“似本能”这一重要概念。“似本能”是马斯洛需要理论的一个关键概念。本文着重分析了这一概念对于马斯洛需要理论以及他的心理学理论的理论后果,并且列举了一些直接或间接支持这一概念的心理学和遗传学的研究。最后,本文指出了这一概念的理论意义,其中主要的意义在于,它有助于以人类因素和社会因素的统一的观点来看待行为以及心理发展的问题。只有从这种统一出发,才有可能深刻理解人类行为。     

NOTES ON THE CONCEPT OF CREATIVITY IN CHINESE PHILOSOPHY

The concept of creativity is very much in currency today in interpreting Chinese philosophy. In working out these notes my intent is twofold: first, to delineate the original content of Chinese though in connection with this concept; second, to search after the meaning of this term in Western philosophy in Bergson and Whitehead, in order to make a possible comparison.     

再论儿童绘画中空间概念基线的发展

作者曾在1988年《心理科学通讯》第3期上发表“对三至六岁幼儿绘画中空间概念基线问题的探讨”一文。现在这篇文章进一步肯定了前文得到的初步结论,同时论证了儿童绘画中空间概念基线发展的具体过程。