The design,development, and implementation of a microprocessor-based ECG analysis system

This paper describes the research effort to design, develop, and implement a microprocessor-based ECG data acquisition, reduction, and analysis system for operation in real-time. This unit can be attached to three-channel ECG carts and provide an immediate on-site analysis. The basic design and development efforts include (1) the data acquisition, reduction, and matrix assembly, (2) ECG arrhythmia, P-wave, and axis analysis, (3) ECG contour analysis, and (4) a real-time three-channel data acquisition unit. Decision tables are used in the analysis. The implementation of these projects into a small microprocessor-based unit coupled to a three-channel recorder is now in progress. This system, coupled with a small printer, will provide immediate on-site ECG analysis for most cardiovascular dysfunctions.     

Deuten aus der Perspektive der strukturalen Psychoanalyse Lacans

“Beware of understanding!” Lacan’s structural analysis: theory and practice of interpretation. This paper investigates the relationship of understanding and countertransference analysis in the process of analytical interpretation. Here self-image of the analyst is crucial concerning the direction of the analysis. As field and function of speech are pivotal, they will be briefly sketched to clarify the structural-analytic starting point of the following arguments. The basis of the ideas is a definition of the unconscious as what is not conscious available. Should the analyst see himself as the “knowing” one, as his patient also assumes, a false assurance will result and the analysis will lead nowhere. This is typical of a “forced” transference analysis in the here and now. The alternative is a strategy of hints, whose premise is, that we do not know. This assumption makes it unnecessary to rely on countertransference analysis. Instead, the spoken word and its contradictions are in the focus. This analytical attitude makes listening to the “subject of the unconscious” possible by means of the analyst and his hints.     

Delta图分析方法及其在冲突控制研究中的应用

近年来,反应时分布分析方法被应用于冲突控制研究领域,以弥补只计算平均反应时和错误率的不足。所谓delta指的是不一致条件与一致条件反应时之差,即冲突效应量。冲突效应量随反应时间的变化图称为delta图。与该分析方法相应的理论模型包括双通路模型和激活－抑制模型。本文介绍了delta图分析的具体方法及其与冲突控制理论模型的关系,然后列举了有关的研究例证,并强调了其优缺点与适用范围     

What happened to analysis in applied behavior analysis?

This paper addresses the current help-oriented focus of researchers in applied behavior analysis. Evidence from a recent volume of JABA suggests that analytic behavior is at low levels in applied analysis while cure-help behavior is at high strength. This low proportion of scientific behavior is apparantly related to cure-help contingencies set by institutions and agencies of help and the editorial policies of JABA itself. These contingencies have favored the flight to real people and a concern with client gains, evaluation and outcome strategies rather than the analysis of contingencies of reinforcement controlling human behavior. In this regard, the paper documents the current separation of applied behavior analysis from the experimental analysis of behavior. There is limited use of basic principles in applied analysis today and almost no reference to the current research in the experimental analysis of behavior involving concurrent operants and adjunctive behavior. This divorce of applied behavior research and the experimental analysis of behavior will mitigate against progress toward a powerful technology of behavior. In order to encourage a return to analysis in applied research, there is a need to consider the objectives of applied behavior analysis. The original purpose of behavioral technology is examined and a re-definition of the concept of "social importance" is presented which can direct applied researchers toward an analytic focus. At the same time a change in the publication policies of applied journals such as JABA toward analytic research and the design of new educational contingencies for students will insure the survival of analysis in applied behavior analysis.     

工作分析的工具及其选择策略

政治、经济和科学技术的急剧变化与发展对工作的性质产生了重大的影响.本文以工作性质的变迁为背景,结合文献深入探讨了工作分析诸工具的特点和效能,并就工作分析工具的选择问题提出了考虑信息的最终用途、考虑选定方法的成本效益、确保信息的可靠性与可接受性、定期回顾与适时更新以及综合应用与扬长避短等5项建议.     

Oscillatory brain dynamics, wavelet analysis, and cognition

On the basis of a systems theoretical approach it was hypothesized that event-related potentials (ERPs) are superpositions of stimulus-evoked and time-locked EEG rhythms reflecting resonance properties of the brain (Ba?ar, 1980). This approach led to frequency analysis of ERPs as a way of analyzing evoked rhythms. The present article outlines the basic features of ERP frequency analysis in comparison to ERP wavelet analysis, a recently introduced method of time-frequency analysis. Both methods were used in an investigation of the functional correlates of evoked rhythms where auditory and visual ERPs were recorded from the cat brain. Intracranial electrodes were located in the primary auditory cortex and in the primary visual cortex thus permitting "cross-modality" experiments. Responses to adequate stimulation (e.g., visual ERP recorded from the visual cortex) were characterized by high amplitude alpha (8-16 Hz) responses which were not observed for inadequate stimulation. This result is interpreted as a hint at a special role of alpha responses in primary sensory processing. The results of frequency analysis and of wavelet analysis were quite similar, with possible advantages of wavelet methods for single-trial analysis. The results of frequency analysis as performed earlier were thus confirmed by wavelet analysis. This supports the view that ERP frequency components correspond to evoked rhythms with a distinct biological significance.     

Interpreting canonical correlation analysis through biplots of structure correlations and weights

This paper extends the biplot technique to canonical correlation analysis and redundancy analysis. The plot of structure correlations is shown to the optimal for displaying the pairwise correlations between the variables of the one set and those of the second. The link between multivariate regression and canonical correlation analysis/redundancy analysis is exploited for producing an optimal biplot that displays a matrix of regression coefficients. This plot can be made from the canonical weights of the predictors and the structure correlations of the criterion variables. An example is used to show how the proposed biplots may be interpreted.     

基于正则化的探索性中介分析:原理与应用

探索性中介分析被定义为从变量集合中筛选潜在中介变量的方法,该方法能在缺乏理论基础的情况下帮助研究者从数据中挖掘潜在中介机制,提供模型构建上的指导。本文介绍了一种基于正则化的探索性中介分析方法XMed(exploratory mediation analysis via regularization)。相比于传统探索性中介分析方法,XMed具有检验力更高、所需样本量更小、能高效地处理高维数据等优点,在认知神经科学、临床心理学等心理学领域有较大的应用潜力。本文主要介绍XMed的原理和实现过程,并通过实例分析展示该方法的应用。     

A note on analysing substancehood

I propose an analysis of the notion of a substance. I define two ‘quasi-logical’ independence relations, and state the analysis in terms of the distribution of these relations among substances and properties generally. This analysis treats the categories of substance and property as mutually dependent. To show that it (probably) states a sufficient condition for substance, I argue that it is in a certain kind of equilibrium. This illustrates a promising general approach to analysing fundamental metaphysical notions.     

On Interaction Analysis and Dialogical Perspective: Emergent Patterns of Order and Relational Agency

This essay proposes to contribute with a continuing discussion on Grossen’s paper (2010) establishing a link between the analysis of interactions and dialogical perspective using what I call simplication-for-approaching-complexity (SFAC). This approach conceives of dialogical dynamics as a dynamic system of relationship that construct patterns. Moreover, these emergent patterns allow inferring the features of dialogical partners as relational agencies. The specific characteristics of the relational agency at any moment in dialogue can be inferred from the analysis of the specific pattern of order achieved by the historical development of dialogue. This proposal is illustrated by the analysis of mother-infant interactions.     

MRI-based morphometric of typical and atypical brain development

The neuroinformatics landscape in which human brain morphometry occurs has advanced dramatically over the past few years. Rapid advancement in image acquisition methods, image analysis tools and interpretation of morphometric results make the study of in vivo anatomic analysis both challenging and rewarding. This has revolutionized our expectations for current and future diagnostic and investigative work with the developing brain. This paper will briefly cover the methods of morphometric analysis available for neuroanatomic analysis, and tour some sample results from a prototype retrospective database of neuroanatomic volumetric information. From these observations, issues regarding the anatomic variability of developmental maturation of neuroanatomic structures in both typically and atypically developing populations can be discussed.     

工作分析发展动态研究

工作分析是人力资源管理系统的基石,社会和组织环境的变化给工作分析带了巨大挑战。本文首先介绍了传统的工作分析系统;接着对近年来工作分析研究的新进展进行了介绍,包括未来和战略导向的工作分析,工作分析与胜任力特征的结合,工作分析结果的信度研究。同时,讨论了其对传统工作分析的补充,并介绍了其在国内研究中的应用。     

Speech acts and arguments

Speech act theory seems to provide a promising avenue for the analysis of the functional organization of argument. The theory, however, might be taken to suggest that arguments are a homogenous class of speech act with a specifiable illocutionary force and a single set of felicity conditions. This suggestion confuses the analysis of the meaning of speech act verbs with the analysis of the pragmatic structure of actual language use. Suggesting that arguments are conveyed through a homogeneous class of linguistic action overlooks the way in which the context of activity and the form of expression organize the argumentative functions performed in using language. An alternative speech act analysis would treat folk terminology as a heuristic entry point into the development of a technical analysis of the myriad argumentative functions and structures to be found in natural language use. This would lead to a thorough-going pragmatic analysis of the rational and functional design of speech acts in argumentation.     

Contingencies, logic, and learning

A logical analysis of operant learning is presented. In total, the analysis makes a number of predictions that are different from the predictions of any other theory. Individual predictions can be explained by other theories, but the pattern of predictions is unique. Some tests of the predictions of the analysis with human newborns are described. The analysis predicts increased variance in sucking with the introduction of continuous reinforcement. This does occur. The analysis predicts a decreased rate of sucking with a shift from continuous to partial reinforcement. This does occur. The analysis predicts an increased rate of sucking with a shift from continuous reinforcement to continuous plus noncontingent reinforcement. Due to methodological deficiencies, we have been unable to test this prediction. However, it has been confirmed by others. The most exciting prediction of the analysis is a rapid way of producing extinction. That has not been tested with newborns; however, there is confirmatory evidence in the literature.     

The goal as process: music and the search for the Self

This paper explores and compares the processes of music and analysis from the author's experience as a musician, piano teacher and analyst. It explains how the use of music improvisation in analysis (with simple percussion instruments) can powerfully enhance the dialogue between the unconscious and conscious psyche, as well as deepen the relationship between analyst and analysand. This is connected theoretically to Jung's active imagination and Winnicott's concept of play within the analytic encounter. Finally, the question is raised whether analytic trainings could do more to expose trainees to the possibility of using music within the analytic encounter. This touches on the more basic and controversial issue (which often separates analytical psychology and psychoanalysis) of whether expressive therapy should be used in analysis at all.     

Comparison of quantitative analysis and fractal analysis of center of pressure based on muscle fatigue

To examine the influence of muscle fatigue on center of pressure displacement during quiet standing using quantitative and fractal analyses, 12 healthy young men and women did the exercise stress test on the triceps surae muscle until fatigued. Subjects were measured for body stability for 60 sec. before and after the exercise. Quantitative analysis showed that center-of-pressure parameters for distance, velocity, amplitude distribution, and mean vector length of sway in the anterior/posterior direction changed significantly after muscle fatigue but not on the periodic parameters. This result suggested that quantitative analysis may identify the effects of muscle fatigue on the parameters that show displacement in the anterior/posterior direction of center of pressure. Fractal analysis indicated the value of critical point coordinates increased after muscle fatigue. This analysis can clarify the fundamental postural control strategy and time-series characteristics of postural sway which cannot be identified by spectral analysis.     

Russell's Early Theory of Denoting

The ancient Greek method of analysis has a rational reconstruction in the form of the tableau method of logical proof. This reconstruction shows that the format of analysis was largely determined by the requirement that proofs could be formulated by reference to geometrical figures. In problematic analysis, it has to be assumed not only that the theorem to be proved is true, but also that it is known. This means using epistemic logic, where instantiations of variables are typically allowed only with respect to known objects. This requirement explains the preoccupation of Greek geometers with questions as to which geometrical objects are ‘given’, that is, known or ‘data’, as in the title of Euclid's eponymous book. In problematic analysis, constructions had to rely on objects that are known only hypothetically. This seems strange unless one relies on a robust idea of ‘unknown’ objects in the same sense as the unknowns of algebra. The Greeks did not have such a concept, which made their grasp of the analytic method shaky.     

Configurational approach to manifest dream analysis: Possible acceleration of the patient's communication in psychoanalytic psychotherapy

This paper presents an approach to dream analysis utilizing the manifest content of a number of consecutive dreams from the same patient. Following a review of the literature, it is noted that in once-a-week psychotherapy there is often very little time for exhaustive dream analysis to unravel the buried meanings within the latent dream content. Twenty categories have been established for the configurational analysis, which is applied to the analysis of the first eleven dreams of a patient in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The authors independently analyzed the patient's dreams using each of the 20 categories with high reliability, then combined their contributions. This data was then compared with the treating analyst's independent clinical observations about the twenty categories.     

Independent component analysis: an introduction

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a method for automatically identifying the underlying factors in a given data set. This rapidly evolving technique is currently finding applications in analysis of biomedical signals (e.g. ERP, EEG, fMRI, optical imaging), and in models of visual receptive fields and separation of speech signals. This article illustrates these applications, and provides an informal introduction to ICA.