选项具有诊断信息的多选题认知诊断测验编制

编制选项具有诊断信息的多选题是提高多选题认知诊断测验诊断效果的有效方法.研究从认知诊断的目标出发,根据认知诊断测验质量的评价标准,结合多选题的特点,探讨选项具有诊断信息的多选题认知诊断测验编制的原则.同时,结合多选题的特点和多选题采用称名计分方式的需要,对编制选项具有诊断信息的多选题提出两点要求.根据多选题认知诊断测验编制的原则和要求,给出具有可操作性的多选题认知诊断测验编制的步骤.模拟研究结果表明：根据所提出的原则和要求编制的多选题认知诊断测验具有较好的诊断效果,说明这些原则和要求合理、可行.由于这些原则、要求和步骤具有较强的可操作性,因此它对于编制多选题认知诊断测验具有一定的指导意义.     

Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties

Philosophical Studies -     

Cognitive Empathy and Emotional Empathy in Human Behavior and Evolution

The Psychological Record - This article presents 7 simple models of the relationship between cognitive empathy (mental perspective taking) and emotional empathy (the vicarious sharing of emotion)....     

多种感觉信息整合的认知与神经机制研究

我们通常利用多种感觉通道的信息对周围世界进行感知,如视觉、听觉、嗅觉、前庭感觉和本体感觉信息.为了确保对环境的正确感知,大脑必须把对同一物体特征进行表征的不同感觉信息整合成一致的、稳定的信息.以往的研究证实不同感觉信息之间是以统计最优化的模式结合的.文章首先综述了在贝叶斯理论的基础上建立起来的统计最优化模型以及其行为实验验证方法.然后,介绍了相关的神经成像研究结果和具有生理意义的神经网络模型.     

进化论、认知科学与道德原则的形成

生物学自然主义以不同于传统的超越主义伦理学的进路对道德原则的形成进行了探讨.进化论为其提供了经验基础;认知科学为其提供了科学证据;来自经济学的实验则对自然选择下的利他何以可能的问题进行了分析.在此基础上,论证了道德原则形成的神经生物学基础,说明了自然主义进路的可行性.     

Cognitive Reliability of the Sense of Touch Confronted with the Thinning Effect

The dependence of the cognitive function of the sense of touch of the area sensorium was investigated by means of the thinning illusion produced by rotating the cylindrical rod between the thumb and the forefinger. The genetic phases of this illusion were traced from sensations to perceptions and to meaningful cognition converting the rod's objective convexity into an apparent concavity, running seemingly around the rod. Adult subjects (N = 52) experimentally checked all variables on their optimum degree for producing this illusion, which showed an effective way for using illusions for a thorough investigation of mental synthetic processes.     

Development and Evolution of Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Depressed Adolescents

Since the 1980’s cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been developed and tested with adolescents experiencing depression. Early studies demonstrated that CBT was more effective than no intervention for young people with depressive symptoms. Beginning in the 1990’s CBT has been proven to be efficacious for adolescents with diagnosed depressive disorders, specifically Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). A series of increasingly challenging and methodologically rigorous trials showed that CBT was an effective intervention for mild to moderate MDD, and enhanced the benefits of anti-depressant medication, even for those adolescents who had already failed to respond to an initial medication. Simultaneously, some limitations of CBT were suggested by these studies. Results of CBT alone were not encouraging with severely depressed adolescents, and the combination of CBT plus medication was not uniformly supported. As CBT investigators worked with more challenging, complex clinical cases, such as depressed adolescents who were abusing substances or engaging in suicidal or self-harm behaviors, standard components of CBT were augmented by increased emphasis placed on emotion regulation, safety planning, and by more intensive outpatient treatment models. Newer developments include “third wave” models, which have shown initial promise.     

Human Cognition in Context: On the Biologic,Cognitive and Social Reconsideration of Meaning as Making Sense of Action

The aim of this special issue of IPBS has been to explore concrete and explicit alternatives to cognitivism. Indeed, in our editorial introduction we set out to give a brief survey of the numerous criticisms that have been made of understanding the mind this way (Ibáñez and Cosmelli, Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, 2008). Thus in what sense do the contributions here presented succeed in providing novel alternatives, moving into original and potentially generative domains of inquiry? While much remains to be done, we believe that they make significant headway in more than one sense. We do believe, however, that there is one locus that furnishes a convergence ground that is worth considering seriously: the problem of meaning. Meaning as making sense of contextualized action seems to cross the domains of intentionality, intersubjectivity and ecology of mind. The development of multilevel approaches, as the authors here exemplify, argues for a novel research agenda.     

Category-Based and Feature-Based Cognitive Processes: The Role of Unfavorable Information1

Recent research on selection decisions suggests that favorable features (e.g., attractive physical features or positively-evaluated personality traits) can enhance ratings of applicant suitability, but little research has examined the impact of unfavorable features. Theories of person perception distinguish between two information processing strategies: category-based and feature-based. We predicted that unfavorable features would influence selection decisions only when raters used feature-based processing strategies. Results suggest that applicant features' prototypicality and favorability can compensate for one another, with applicants' negative features resulting in a disadvantage only when the applicant is perceived as nonprototypical.     

大学生日常消费决策中认知信息与情绪信息的交互作用

采用自编日常消费决策材料,以决策依据和决策质量为指标,通过对120名男女大学生的研究,结果发现:⑴男女在决策依据和决策质量方面均无显著差异;⑵认知信息、认知信息与情绪信息的交互作用均对决策依据有显著影响,而情绪信息对决策依据无显著影响,认知信息、情绪信息以及二者的交互作用对决策质量均无显著影响;⑶不同的认知信息在负性情绪变化上存在显著差异,而在正性情绪变化上无显著差异。     

A Sense of Orders

This paper provides an introduction to some of the basic concepts of the provocative French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. It illustrates the ways in which these concepts color the therapist's understanding of the patient as the therapist's attention is guided by the patient's expressions of thought and feeling. The response of the therapist is motivated by the interface which develops between this understanding and theoretical underpinnings. Clinical vignettes illustrating Lacan's mirror stage and his three basic orders, the Real, the Imaginary, and the Symbolic punctuate the explanations of these concepts. The paper weaves observations on the signification of language with examples of clinical interpretations.     

The Evolution of Mindfulness‐based Cognitive Therapy

Metcalf and Dimidjian (this issue) present a timely review of the evolving evidence base and mechanisms of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT). The present commentary extends the discussion on the current evidence base for MBCT based on findings from recent meta‐analytic reviews in this field which attest to the promising outcome for mindfulness‐based therapies, particularly for depressed populations. However, the specific effects of MBCT as applied to anxiety, health and developmental populations is still very much in its infancy. The second objective of this commentary extends discussion on the transdiagnostic applications of MBCT versus traditional cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). It is recommended that with the continuing expansion of MBCT, the effects of this therapeutic approach needs to be evaluated against other empirically supported therapies, including traditional CBT.     

Cognitive Biases and Emotional Wisdom in the Evolution of Conflict Between the Sexes

Two recent theories within evolutionary psychology have produced novel insights into conflict between the sexes. According to error management theory (EMT), asymmetries over evolutionary time in the cost-benefit consequences of specific social inferences have produced predictable cognitive biases. Women, for example, appear to underinfer commitment in response to signals of resource display. Men often overinfer a woman's sexual desire when she merely smiles at or casually touches them. These inferential biases, according to EMT, represent functional adaptations rather than markers of irrationality in information processing. According to strategic interference theory , certain "negative emotions" function to motivate action to reduce conflict produced by impediments to preferred social strategies. Emotions such as jealousy and anger, rather than reducing rationality, may embody inherited ancestral wisdom functional in dealing with interference inflicted by other individuals. These evolution-based theories have produced novel empirical discoveries and challenge traditional theories anchored in the premise that cognitive biases and negative emotions necessarily lead to irrationality.     

认知加工中时间与非时间信息的相互关系

在认知心理学领域,关于时间信息和非时间信息在认知加工中关系的争论有：相互独立、相互竞争、相互促进三大观点。本文对支持这三种观点的实验分别进行了分析、整理,并在此基础上概括出特定条件下时间信息与非时间信息的相互关系：事件结构一致条件下,两类信息在认知加工中表现为相互促进;如果事件结构不一致,而心理负荷(即两类信息所需注意资源之和)超过了注意总资源,两类信息表现为相互竞争;若心理负荷没有超过注意总资源,两类信息则表现为相互独立。