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1.
Gary D. Levy 《Sex roles》1989,21(11-12):803-823
Sixty 33–60-month-old children's gender role knowledge, gender role flexibility, and gender schematization were assessed. Parents completed questionnaires describing aspects of their child's social environment. Results indicated that boys who reportedly interacted more with their fathers, and girls who interacted more with both parents, exhibited greater gender schematization. Children who interacted more with parents displayed less gender role flexibility. Girls with mothers who worked outside the home demonstrated greater gender role flexibility. Boys with many siblings displayed greater gender role knowledge. Children with fewer siblings displayed greater gender role flexibility. Boys favoring entertainment television demonstrated greater gender role knowledge. Girls favoring educational television displayed greater gender role flexibility. Future research and theory evaluating the interactive effects of social and cognitive factors on boys' and girls' gender role development are encouraged. 相似文献
2.
Some authors assert that there is a feminine advantage in leadership, even though female leaders are often targets of prejudice. Our experiment tested how people’s expectations affect this prejudice in different work environments. Participants evaluated a male or a female candidate for a leadership position in an industry that was congruent or incongruent with the candidate’s gender role. Participants showed prejudice against the female candidate, especially when she worked in an industry incongruent with her gender role. Female and older participants showed more prejudice against the female leader than did male and younger participants. These results invoke role congruity theory (Eagly & Karau, Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573–598, 2002). 相似文献
3.
Noah M. Meyers Julie C. Chapman Kathleen C. Gunthert Carol S. Weissbrod 《Military psychology》2013,25(1):14-24
The present study examined the effect of level of traditional masculine gender role norms as well as the moderating effect of cognitive flexibility on community reintegration outcomes in a sample of 60 male military veterans who had sustained a traumatic brain injury during deployment. Data were collected through self-report measures and cognitive tests. Results suggested that greater endorsement of traditional masculine gender role beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors was significantly inversely related to the community integration domains of relationships and living skills and not significantly related to work and leisure. The effect of masculinity on healthy living skills was moderated by cognitive flexibility; the protective effect of low masculinity on living skills was only present if the veteran also had high cognitive flexibility skills. Results are discussed in the context of gender role strain, potential limiting aspects of stereotypy on recovery and reintegration, and the importance of cognitive flexibility in the recovery/reintegration process. 相似文献
4.
5.
Anna Piela 《Contemporary Islam》2011,5(3):249-265
In this article, I address piety as a concept shaping Muslim women’s online discussions about gender roles, marriage and professional
careers. I also investigate cross-cultural religious encounters in these women-only groups as I am interested in the potential
of such online environments to facilitate women’s religious reflection and intellectual engagement. Finally, I explore motivations
and religious interpretations of three categories of participants in these discussions: egalitarians, for whom gender equality
is a necessary component of piety (Barlas 2006); traditionalists, identified by other authors as Islamists (Karam 1998) or social conservatives (Gül and Gül 48:1–26, 2000; Mahmood 2005) and finally, holists, a group that cannot be mapped out on the political landscape by using the progressive–conservative
binary (Badran, Agenda 50:41–57, 2001) and which exists and acts outside of it, neither subverting nor enacting norms of any dominant system, be it secular–liberal
or patriarchal. Following Mahmood’s argument that formulating an analysis based exclusively on such a binary is simplistic
(Mahmood 2005), I argue that actions of holists can be only addressed by formulating a set of questions different to those used to analyse
self-defined egalitarians or traditionalists. 相似文献
6.
Sequence learning has notably been studied using the Hebb repetition paradigm (Hebb, 1961) and the serial reaction time (SRT) task (Nissen & Bullemer, Cognitive Psychology 19:1–32, 1987). These two paradigms produce robust learning effects but differ with regard to the role of awareness: Awareness does not
affect learning a repeated sequence in the Hebb repetition paradigm, as is evidenced by recall performance, whereas in the
SRT task, awareness helps to anticipate the location of the next stimulus. In this study, we examined the role of awareness
in anticipation and recall performance, using the Hebb repetition paradigm. Eye movements were monitored during a spatial
reconstruction task where participants had to memorize sequences of dot locations. One sequence was repeated every four trials.
Results showed that recall performance for the repeated sequence improved across repetitions for all participants but that
anticipation increased only for participants aware of the repetition. 相似文献
7.
In this study, personal values, health, and financial status were investigated as determinants of affective well-being in
a sample of 371 recent retirees across 3 years. Personal values, measured with the Portrait Value Questionnaire (Schwartz
et al. in J Cross Cult Psychol 32:519–542, 2001), were hypothesized to show direct links to positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) as well as to moderate the association
between financial and health status and affective well-being. Using structural equation modeling, higher PA was predicted
by female gender, better finances, fewer illnesses, and higher self-transcendence (ST), openness to change (OC), and conservation
values. Higher NA was predicted by female gender, lower finances, more illnesses, higher self-enhancement (SE) and lower OC
values. SE and OC values also moderated the association between financial status and PA. Longitudinal analyses indicated a
relatively stable pattern of associations across 3 years. While the impact of finances on affect was stable over time, the
effects of health and values increased across 3 years. 相似文献
8.
The impact of technology in the field of intellectual assessment has, for the most part, been limited to computerized administration
and scoring. Anderson’s (2001) theory of intelligence suggests that performance on traditional IQ measures is acquired via two main routes, thinking and
dedicated processing systems known as modules. Empirical data used to support this relationship between the speed of basic
processing and intellectual functioning have been evidenced primarily by correlations between measures of general intelligence
and measures of inspection time (IT). These IT measures allow individuals to make a forced choice discrimination task without
a motor component. Because only the time used to cognitively solve the problem is recorded, these responses typically occur
in milliseconds. Many theorists (e.g., Burns & Nettelbeck, 2002; Deary, 2000; Jensen, 2006) consider IT to be a more “pure” measure of intelligence, because the influences of verbal skills, memory, and socialization
are minimized and results are therefore considered to be more culture-fair. Until relatively recently, IT measurement was
restricted to complex and expensive specialized laboratory equipment. This article describes the theoretical background and
developmental process of a computer-based IT measure that is easily adaptable to accommodate the needs of the researcher. 相似文献
9.
Robert F. Bornstein William H. Gottdiener Daniel J. Winarick 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(3):293-300
One-hundred fourteeen adults undergoing voluntary inpatient treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) completed the Relationship
Profile Test (RPT; Bornstein et al. 2003), and Bond, Gardner, and Christian’s (1983) Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Analyses examined gender differences in RPT subscale scores and evaluated patterns of
RPT-DSQ correlations in the SUD sample; a secondary analysis compared RPT scores in the present sample with those of Bornstein
et al.’s (Journal of Personality Assessment 80:64–74, 2003) nonclinical sample. Results supported the construct validity of the RPT as a measure of destructive overdependence (DO),
dysfunctional detachment (DD), and healthy dependency (HD) and provided preliminary clinical norms for the DO, DD, and HD
scales. Findings also documented potential limitations of the RPT in SUD patients. Continued evaluation is needed to assess
the utility of the RPT in clinical populations. 相似文献
10.
Thompson E. DavisIII Julie A. Hess Russell A. Matthews Jill C. Fodstad Tim Dempsey Whitney S. Jenkins Brittany N. Moree Johnny L. Matson 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(2):171-177
In typically developing children, researchers have found that anxiety disorders are associated with poorer intellectual abilities
(Davis et al. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 30:43–51, 2008). The aim of the current study was to examine the impact anxiety symptoms had on the developmental quotients of toddlers.
A total of 170 toddlers ranging in age from 17 to 37 months were selected for inclusion in this study, all of whom were at
risk for or had a developmental delay. Two factors indicative of behavioral symptoms of anxiety from the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits-Part2 were utilized as the independent variables and the total developmental quotient from the Battelle Developmental Inventory, 2nd Edition was utilized for the dependent variable. Examination of results revealed that atypically developing toddlers with symptoms
of anxiety had significantly lower developmental quotients when compared to toddlers without any anxiety symptoms. A discussion
of the implications and limitations of this study are included. 相似文献
11.
Jennifer A. A. Lavoie Kevin S. Douglas 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2012,34(1):48-57
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24: 385–396, 1983) and its derivatives are among the most commonly used self-report measures of subjective global stress. Several factorial
models of the PSS have been proposed; however, which of these structures reliably measures individuals with mental illness
remains unclear. Moreover, despite the detection of gender differences in perceived stress, factorial invariance between genders
has not yet been tested with the PSS. Confirmatory factor analysis evaluating six prevailing factorial models of the PSS among
a large sample of psychiatric patients and a matched community sample supported a two-factor model. Multiple group analysis
established configural, metric and scalar invariance of this model across gender, but only configural invariance across samples
differing by mental health status. Implications are that gender differences can be cautiously interpreted as true mean differences
rather than artifacts of measurement bias; however, mean perceived stress factor scores should not be compared directly across
psychiatric and non-psychiatric samples. 相似文献
12.
There has been a recent increase in interest in the psychological differences and antecedents related to political orientation.
Personality, disgust sensitivity, attachment, and closeness to parents have all been found or have been theorized to be predictive
of political orientation. These variables and the additional roles played by normative identity style and parental identification
were examined. The results showed that normative identity style is associated with political orientation and that the role
played by parental identification depends on the perceived parental political ranking, the gender of the parent, and the measure
used to examine political orientation. No support was found for Lakoff’s (2002) model of parenting and political orientation. 相似文献
13.
Differences in subjective wellbeing were examined among 3,641 men and women in Yunnan, China. Using an urban Chinese sample,
Appleton and Song in World Dev 36:2325–2340, (2008) reported that SWB was positively correlated with income, reporting good health, being married, female, and a Communist Party
member. The current work examines how well these findings hold in the non-coastal province of Yunnan, by gender, and by urban/rural
status. 相似文献
14.
María del Carmen Triana 《Journal of business and psychology》2011,26(1):71-86
The purpose of this study was to investigate how gender role incongruence in terms of women being primary wage earners and
males being secondary wage earners in their families could affect them at work. Using an experimental design and a sample
of 306 college students, I explored how females who are the primary wage earners in their families and males who are the secondary
wage earners are perceived and evaluated in a work setting. I proposed, and found, that female primary wage earners are seen
as the least overqualified and are given lower reward recommendations than equally qualified male peers (i.e., peers with
exactly the same credentials and job performance). Male secondary wage earners are seen as being the most overqualified and
are given higher reward recommendations than equally qualified female peers. Results demonstrate how the lack of fit model,
which has been shown to penalize women who succeed in traditionally masculine domains (Dipboye, Acad Manag Rev 10:16–127,
1985; Heilman, Res Organ Behav 5:269–298, 1983, J Soc Issues 57:657–674, 2001), can be applied to situations where gender-incongruent behavior exists in the form of women being primary wage earners in
their families. I refer to this phenomenon as “home-related spillover discrimination,” named after the spillover effects that
derive from societal expectations that are transferred into employment situations (Nieva and Gutek, Acad Manag Rev 5:267–276,
1980). The practical implication of this finding is that this may present a new form of sex discrimination against women that
has not yet been considered. This is the first study to show how violating stereotypical roles in terms of family wage earner
status can influence outcomes in work settings. 相似文献
15.
Barbara L. Carlozzi Carrie Winterowd R. Steven Harrist Nancy Thomason Kristi Bratkovich Sheri Worth 《Journal of religion and health》2010,49(4):445-459
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of spiritual beliefs and involvement with anger and stress in early
adolescents. Early adolescents (n = 53) completed the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale (Hatch et al. 1998), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (Spielberger 1999), and the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen and Williamson 1988). Contrary to expectations, spirituality was significantly and positively related to anger and stress. Implications and possible
explanations for the unanticipated findings in this study are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Susan A. J. Stuart 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(1):37-51
A great deal of effort has been, and continues to be, devoted to developing consciousness artificially (A small selection
of the many authors writing in this area includes: Cotterill (J Conscious Stud 2:290–311, 1995, 1998), Haikonen (2003), Aleksander and Dunmall (J Conscious Stud 10:7–18, 2003), Sloman (2004, 2005), Aleksander (2005), Holland and Knight (2006), and Chella and Manzotti (2007)), and yet a similar amount of effort has gone in to demonstrating the infeasibility of the whole enterprise (Most notably:
Dreyfus (1972/1979, 1992, 1998), Searle (1980), Harnad (J Conscious Stud 10:67–75, 2003), and Sternberg (2007), but there are a great many others). My concern in this paper is to steer some navigable channel between the two positions,
laying out the necessary pre-conditions for consciousness in an artificial system, and concentrating on what needs to hold
for the system to perform as a human being or other phenomenally conscious agent in an intersubjectively-demanding social
and moral environment. By adopting a thick notion of embodiment—one that is bound up with the concepts of the lived body and
autopoiesis (Maturana and Varela 1980; Varela et al. 2003; and Ziemke 2003, 2007a, J Conscious Stud 14(7):167–179, 2007b)—I will argue that machine phenomenology is only possible within an embodied distributed system that possesses a richly affective
musculature and a nervous system such that it can, through action and repetition, develop its tactile-kinaesthetic memory,
individual kinaesthetic melodies pertaining to habitual practices, and an anticipatory enactive kinaesthetic imagination.
Without these capacities the system would remain unconscious, unaware of itself embodied within a world. Finally, and following
on from Damasio’s (1991, 1994, 1999, 2003) claims for the necessity of pre-reflective conscious, emotional, bodily responses for the development of an organism’s core
and extended consciousness, I will argue that without these capacities any agent would be incapable of developing the sorts
of somatic markers or saliency tags that enable affective reactions, and which are indispensable for effective decision-making
and subsequent survival. My position, as presented here, remains agnostic about whether or not the creation of artificial
consciousness is an attainable goal. 相似文献
17.
Carol L. Schnabl Schweitzer 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(3):311-321
This article examines the power of music to help transform suffering. It draws on insights from the work of music theorist
David Schwarz (1997) that bridges psychoanalysis, music, and culture; and from Daniel Levitin’s (2008) work on music and human nature, especially as it pertains to religion, ritual and songs. Schwarz describes listening to
music as a process of retrospective fantasy and as a type of transference experience. If how we listen to music is shaped
by traces of past experiences, then music as a resource in pastoral care has the potential to assist ministers in the process
of guiding their parishioners to re-trace painful experiences in ways that “re-sound” with thoughts and feelings which have
become an impediment to healing. A “case study” in which the author was a “player” (or more accurately performer) is briefly
examined, and the role of music in the lives of Steve Lopez and Nathaniel Ayers (Lopez 2008) is explored to demonstrate how music—specifically religious music or song associated with religious ritual—is an overlooked
resource for pastoral care. The article concludes with an illustration of how individuals’ personal associations with a hymn
may have implications for pastoral care. 相似文献
18.
Unitization, the creation of new stimulus features by the fusion of preexisting features, is one of the hypothesized processes
of perceptual learning (Goldstone Annual Review of Psychology, 49:585–612, 1998). Some argue that unitization occurs to the extent that it is required for successful task performance (e.g., Shiffrin &
Lightfoot, 1997), while others argue that unitization is largely independent of functionality (e.g., McLaren & Mackintosh Animal Learning
& Behavior, 30:177–200, 2000). Across three experiments, employing supervised category learning and unsupervised exposure, we investigated three predictions
of the McLaren and Mackintosh (Animal Learning & Behavior, 30:177–200, 2000) model: (1) Unitization is accompanied by an initial increase in the subjective similarity of stimuli sharing a unitized
component; (2) unitization of a configuration occurs through exposure to its components, even when the task does not require
it; (3) as unitization approaches completion, salience of the unitized component may be reduced. Our data supported these
predictions. We also found that unitization is associated with increases in overt attention to the unitized component, as
measured through eye tracking. 相似文献
19.
Ruth Gaunt 《Sex roles》2006,55(7-8):523-533
This study draws on Bem’s conceptualization (The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993) of biological essentialism to explore fathers’ and mothers’ involvement in child care. The relationships between parental
essentialist perceptions, gender ideology, fathers’ role attitudes, and various forms of involvement in child care were examined.
Two hundred and nine couples with 6–36-month-old children completed extensive questionnaires. Analyses revealed that fathers’
essentialist perceptions predicted involvement in child care tasks and hours of care by the mother, whereas mothers’ essentialist
perceptions predicted hours of care by the father. Parents’ attitudes toward the father’s role predicted involvement in child
care tasks. Parents’ attitudes and perceptions contributed to involvement in child care even after the effects of the parents’
employment were controlled. The importance of examining various aspects of parents’ views, and distinguishing different forms
of involvement in child care is discussed. 相似文献
20.
In this follow-up to our earlier study (Toller, Suter, & Trautman, Gender role identity and attitudes towards feminism, Sex Roles, 51, 85–90, 2004) we examine the interrelationships among gender role, support for feminism, and willingness to self-label as feminist. Ten percent of college students previously surveyed participated in qualitative interviews, which elicited characterizations of feminists, whether students self-identified as feminist, suggestions for garnering support for feminism, and for interpretation of the initial study’s findings. Students were asked to speculate why we found that highly masculine men and highly feminine women were neither likely to self-identify as feminist nor to support the feminist movement and why more feminine men and more masculine women were found to be more willing to self-label as feminist and more likely to support the feminist movement. 相似文献