基于情绪产生离身观和具身观的时距知觉情绪效应

时距知觉情绪效应指个体时距知觉因情绪影响而相对扭曲的现象。这一效应基于研究者所持“情绪观”的差异而被从不同视角进行理论解释。情绪离身观主张情绪产生基于对情绪刺激本身维度的加工。离身观下的时距知觉情绪效应可以用单一唤醒机制、单一注意机制、单一工作记忆衰减机制、唤醒和注意共同受唤醒度调节机制以及唤醒、注意及工作记忆受目标时间长度动态调节机制等进行解释,情绪具身观主张情绪产生是身体和情绪信息共同参与的结果。具身观下时距知觉情绪效应可以用具身化调节内部时钟速率、内感受性强度以及神经能量高低等机制进行解释。未来研究应注意：其一,基于离身情绪观需要首先明确“唤醒”、“注意”在具体研究的含义,操纵并观测“唤醒”和“注意”等变量主效应及其他变量（机体或环境变量）的调节效应。同时,厘清时距知觉情绪效应的判定标准,并为情绪刺激时距知觉分段综合假说提供佐证;其二,基于具身情绪观需要首先澄清内感受性强度、神经能量在具体研究中的内涵,然后,厘清时距知觉情绪效应产生机制的因果链,并为情绪刺激具身化调节时距知觉假说提供佐证。其三,需要在解释时距知觉情绪效应之前首先确立应该持何种情绪观的前提条件,然后再探索何种因素在...     

情绪对直觉与分析加工的影响机制

双加工指的是直觉加工和分析加工。随着对双加工转换和协作机制研究的不断深入,情绪逐渐成为影响双加工的重要变量。但情绪如何影响两类加工仍存在争议,且研究视角的不同也使情绪在双加工中的作用不够明晰。为此,从情绪效价和情绪唤醒度视角来阐明情绪对双加工的影响机制很有必要。现有证据表明,积极情绪和高唤醒情绪往往都会促进直觉加工,而在消极情绪和低唤醒情绪下个体则倾向于采用分析加工。未来研究可以从情绪对特定双加工模型影响的验证、情绪唤醒与双加工的关系、情绪领域的新进理论成果和情绪负荷下优化双加工的策略方面继续探索。     

团队情绪研究述评及展望

团队情绪指不同团队成员情感成分的整合状况。通过搜索2000年以来国内外重要学术期刊的相关研究,介绍了团队情绪的组成成分以及团队情绪研究方法,梳理出团队情绪的形成过程,从团队情绪规范、不同情绪状态和特指情绪三方面回顾了团队情绪对团队产出的影响。最后总结了团队情绪的主要研究路径和研究方法,明确指出探索团队情绪这一重要心理变量将会深化团队研究     

情绪关注性欺骗与情绪调节

欺骗一直是心理学家关注的重要领域,他已从多个角度得到考察,近期有研究从新视角对其进行了诠释,认为“欺骗”是一种情绪调节的策略,并把这种用于情绪调节的“欺骗”称作“情绪关注性欺骗”。文中根据“欺骗”和情绪调节的关系对“情绪关注性欺骗”的理论进行了阐述,并根据近期研究对“情绪关注性欺骗”发生的普遍性和它对身心健康等的影响进行了述评,最后提出了研究存在问题和未来研究方向。     

情绪能预测股市吗?

人类的非理性被经济学家Keynes视为是造成经济波动的主要原因, 而情绪是非理性行为的背后推动力之一。那么情绪是否与股票市场波动有关, 甚至预测股市波动？首先, 笔者从心理和神经生理角度出发, 尝试解释决策主体情绪、社会情绪是如何影响个体金融决策的。其次, 笔者将情绪与股市关系研究大致划分为投资者情绪与社会情绪研究。投资者情绪研究主要通过主观调查和客观市场指标构建情绪指标; 而近年来的社会情绪研究, 尤其是基于互联网平台的社会情绪研究, 为情绪与股市关系研究注入了新的活力。关于情绪与股市的关系问题远未定论, 情绪影响股市的内在机制也有待未来研究继续深化。而互联网大数据资源和信息技术在情绪与股市关系这一研究领域中, 将扮演越来越重要的角色。     

情绪劳动的效应、影响因素及作用机制

情绪劳动是指员工遵照一定的组织规则, 在工作场所与顾客互动过程中进行的情绪调节。研究证明情绪劳动对组织情境中一系列结果变量影响显著, 既有积极影响也有消极影响, 作用对象包括施动者员工、受动者顾客和规则制定者组织。情绪劳动与结果变量的关系受多个员工、工作和顾客特征变量的影响。资源保存理论为情绪劳动的作用机制提供了一种有力的解释。即时、短期与长期效应的整合、指向内部顾客的情绪劳动以及组织氛围的影响是未来研究值得关注的方向。     

社会认知因素对儿童有关损人者情绪归因的影响

文章简要介绍了儿童社会-道德发展领域中有关“快乐的损人者”现象的研究概况, 回顾了儿童社会认知发展领域有关情绪理解和归因的研究,指出在损人者情绪归因研究中引 入有关社会认知变量的必要性,并讨论了未来的研究方向。     

青少年情绪弹性的影响因素研究

影响青少年情绪弹性的个体变量主要包括性别、年龄等背景变量和其他心理变量。研究对830名中学生的情绪弹性进行了调查,结果表明,性别与年龄变量对青少年情绪弹性不产生实质性影响,说明青少年情绪弹性具有相对稳定的心理特性;心理弹性、人格特质、情绪调节能力及自我效能与青少年情绪弹性存在显著相关,并对后者产生显著的预测效应;负性情绪认知调节能力和神经质是影响青少年情绪弹性的两个主要心理变量,神经质还以负性情绪认知调节能力为中介变量对青少年情绪弹性产生间接影响。     

学习障碍儿童情绪理解与同伴接受性*及社会行为的关系

该研究以90名学习障碍儿童为研究对象,探讨学习障碍儿童情绪理解与同伴接受性和社会行为的关系,比较情绪理解不同成分对同伴接受性和社会行为的影响作用。研究发现情绪理解不同成分对学习障碍儿童同伴接受性和社会行为具有不同程度的影响,具体表现为:1)基本情绪识别和自我意识情绪识别是学习障碍儿童同伴接受性的最佳预测变量;2)自我意识情绪识别和表情识别是学习障碍儿童问题行为的最佳预测变量;3)自我意识情绪识别、情绪内部原因理解、情绪隐藏理解、情绪改变理解和情绪外部原因理解是学习障碍儿童社会能力的最佳预测变量。     

书法练习对儿童情绪及其调节策略发展的促进作用

本研究采用纵向设计,对170名儿童（实验组：101人;对照组：69人）进行为期两学年的追踪,旨在探讨书法练习对儿童情绪状态及认知性情绪调节策略发展的影响。研究发现,1）以前测成绩为协变量,后测时实验组的积极情绪显著高于对照组;2）实验组在“积极重新关注”、“计划”两维度上的情绪调节策略得分增量（后测-前测）显著高于对照组。结果表明,书法练习对儿童情绪及其调节策略发展具有促进作用。     

Trading performance,disposition effect,overconfidence, representativeness bias,and experience of emerging market investors

Using brokerage account data from China, we study investment decision making in an emerging market. We find that Chinese investors make poor trading decisions: the stocks they purchase underperform those they sell. We also find that Chinese investors suffer from three behavioral biases: (i) they tend to sell stocks that have appreciated in price, but not those that have depreciated in price, consistent with a disposition effect, acknowledging gains but not losses; (ii) they seem overconfident; and (iii) they appear to believe that past returns are indicative of future returns (a representativeness bias). In comparisons to prior findings, Chinese investors seem more overconfident than U.S. investors (i.e., the Chinese hold fewer stocks, yet trade very often) and their disposition effect appears stronger. Finally, we categorize Chinese investors based on proxy measures of experience and find that “experienced” investors are not always less prone to behavioral biases than are “inexperienced” ones. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Dark Triad,happiness and subjective well-being

Narcissism can be expressed in grandiose or vulnerable forms. We examined whether positive psychological states (defined by the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI) and the Diener Satisfaction With Life (SWL) scales) assisted differentiation relative to general personality traits and the “the Dark Triad” (psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism, measured by the D12 and Short Dark Triad (SD3) indices) for 840 persons primarily from the UK, USA and Canada. The best fitting structural equation model comprised two latent variables, one of positive mood (comprising total scores on the OHI and SWL scales), and another forming a “dark dyad” of Machiavellianism and psychopathy (predicted by low agreeableness and lower positive mood), with narcissism regarded as a separate construct correlated with the dark dyad. Latent positive mood was primarily predicted by higher emotional stability and extraversion. Narcissism was predicted by lower emotional stability, lower agreeableness, and higher extraversion. Latent profile analysis identified four groups in the data: “unhappy but not narcissistic”, “vulnerable narcissism”, “happy non-narcissism” and “grandiose narcissism”. Our results suggest more problematic narcissism can be identified by reference to measures indexing positive mood states and general personality traits.     

Inaction Inertia in the Stock Market1

Based on the inaction inertia effect, it was hypothesized that investors who missed an opportunity to leave a “bear market” will be less likely to sell the stock at a later opportunity when facing a grave loss. Participants in a stock‐market computer game were given an opportunity to sell their stock for a moderate gain. Having missed this initial opportunity and now facing a grave loss, these participants were less likely to sell their stock compared to participants whose potential loss was not as grave, or compared to participants facing the same magnitude of loss who had no previous opportunity to leave the market. Analysis of the time spent by participants on reading relevant information concerning the stock market suggests that this tendency toward continued inaction was not the result of careful deliberation over market trends. The results are discussed in terms of counterfac‐tual thinking and anticipated regret.     

Effects of Mood on Evaluative Judgements: Influence of Reduced Processing Capacity and Mood Salience

Schwarz and Clore (1983) proposed that the effects of mood on evaluative judgements are due to people's use of a “feeling heuristic”. Results of the present study suggest that this heuristic is particularly likely to be used under conditions of reduced processing capacity, induced by time pressure and competing task demands, as both factors intensified the effects of mood on evaluative judgements. In addition, previous findings that increasing the salience of a judgement-irrelevant cause disrupts the effects of mood on evaluative judgements were replicated. All of these effects were, however, obtained only when mood was salient to the participants, suggesting that to be effective, mood must exceed a threshold of salience. Taken together, the findings further support the hypothesis that at least in some situations, the effects of moods on evaluative judgements are based on a controlled inference strategy, rather than on automatic priming effects.     

Thinking high but feeling low: An exploratory cluster analysis investigating how implicit and explicit spider fear co-vary

Research has demonstrated large differences in the degree to which direct and indirect measures predict each other and variables including behavioural approach and attentional bias. We investigated whether individual differences in the co-variance of “implicit” and “explicit” spider fear exist, and whether this covariation exerts an effect on spider fear-related outcomes. One hundred and thirty-two undergraduate students completed direct and indirect measures of spider fear/avoidance, self-report questionnaires of psychopathology, an attentional bias task, and a proxy Behavioural Approach Task. TwoStep cluster analysis using implicit and explicit spider fear as criterion variables resulted in three clusters: (1) low explicit/low implicit; (2) average explicit/high implicit; and (3) high explicit/low implicit. Clusters with higher explicit fear demonstrated greater disgust propensity and sensitivity and less willingness to approach a spider. No differences between clusters emerged on anticipatory approach anxiety or attentional bias. We discuss results in terms of dual-systems and cognitive–behavioural models of fear.     

On Being Happy and Mistaken on a Good Day: Revisiting Forgas’s (1998) Mood-Bias Result

Forgas (1998) reported “on being happy and mistaken,” finding that a happy mood increased the fundamental attribution error (FAE) compared to a sad mood. However, the standard attitude-attribution paradigm used by Forgas might contain demand characteristics, to which happy people might be especially susceptible. In addition, Goldenberg and Forgas (2012) showed that a happy mood decreased a form of the FAE. Using the questioner-contestant paradigm, we replicated Forgas’s result, but only when participants were already having a “good day.”     

Changes in Catastrophizing and Depressed Mood During and After Early Cognitive Behaviorally Oriented Interventions for Pain

Catastrophizing and depressed mood are risk factors for poor outcome in treatments for pain and appear to act as mediators for favorable outcome. However, little is known about how catastrophizing and depressed mood co-occur within individuals and how these patterns change during treatment, which is the focus of the current study. The study uses data from a randomized controlled trial about early cognitive behaviorally oriented interventions for patients with nonspecific spinal pain (N = 84). Cluster analyses were used to extract subgroups of individuals with similar scoring patterns on catastrophizing and depressed mood at pretreatment, mid-treatment, posttreatment, and at 6 months' follow-up. To track individual progress, the clusters were linked over time. The analyses revealed four clusters: “low depression and catastrophizing”, “high depression and catastrophizing”, “high depression”, and “high catastrophizing”. There was little individual transition from one scoring pattern to another across time, not at least for those scoring high on both depressed mood and catastrophizing. Moreover, high stability within this cluster was related to low levels of psychological flexibility at baseline. It is concluded that catastrophizing and depressed mood at the start of treatment were likely to remain high despite a cognitive behavioral intervention and that a lack of psychological flexibility may have a role.     

Music tonality and context-dependent recall: The influence of key change and mood mediation

Music in a minor key is often claimed to sound sad, whereas music in a major key is typically viewed as sounding cheerful. Such claims suggest that maintaining or switching the tonality of a musical selection between information encoding and retrieval should promote robust “mood-mediated” context-dependent memory (CDM) effects. The reported experiment examined this hypothesis using versions of a Chopin waltz where the key was either reinstated or switched at retrieval, so producing minor–minor, major–major, minor–major, and major–minor conditions. Better word recall arose in reinstated-key conditions (particularly for the minor–minor group) than in switched-key conditions, supporting the existence of tonality-based CDM effects. The tonalities also induced different mood states. The minor key induced a more negative mood than the major key, and participants in switched-key conditions demonstrated switched moods between learning and recall. Despite the association between music tonality and mood, a path analysis failed to reveal a reliable mood-mediation effect. We discuss why mood-mediated CDM may have failed to emerge in this study, whilst also acknowledging that an alternative “mental-context” account can explain our results (i.e., the mental representation of music tonality may act as a contextual cue that elicits information retrieval).     

Non-response to sad mood induction: implications for emotion research

Experimental induction of sad mood states is a mainstay of laboratory research on affect and cognition, mood regulation, and mood disorders. Typically, the success of such mood manipulations is reported as a statistically significant pre- to post-induction change in the self-rated intensity of the target affect. The present commentary was motivated by an unexpected finding in one of our studies concerning the response rate to a well-validated sad mood induction. Using the customary statistical approach, we found a significant mean increase in self-rated sadness intensity with a moderate effect size, verifying the “success” of the mood induction. However, that “success” masked that, between one-fifth and about one-third of our samples (adolescents who had histories of childhood-onset major depressive disorder and healthy controls) reported absolutely no sadness in response to the mood induction procedure. We consider implications of our experience for emotion research by (1) commenting upon the typically overlooked phenomenon of nonresponse, (2) suggesting changes in reporting practices regarding mood induction success, and (3) outlining future directions to help scientists determine why some subjects do not respond to experimental mood induction.