小学教师职业倦怠维度发展顺序探究——来自结构方程模型和交叉滞后网络分析模型的证据

教师职业倦怠的情感衰竭、去人性化和个人成就感降低3个维度相对独立但也存在相互影响, 对其发展关系进行研究, 有助于深入理解职业倦怠的发展过程, 尽早识别倦怠症状。本研究对3837名小学教师进行追踪测试, 测试间隔为3年, 采用结构方程模型和交叉滞后网络分析模型进行分析, 结果发现小学教师职业倦怠维度最优发展模型为“T1的情感衰竭和个人成就感降低分别预测T2的情感衰竭和个人成就感降低, T1的去人性化预测T2的去人性化和个人成就感降低”, 且最优发展模型具有性别间的一致性和教龄段之间的一致性。这一结果支持并强调了去人性化在小学教师职业倦怠发展中的重要作用, 对识别教师职业倦怠早期症状并采取相应措施有效阻断教师职业倦怠的进一步发展具有一定的理论和现实意义。     

教师工作满意感与工作绩效:职业倦怠的中介效用

本研究通过考察398名幼儿园和小学教师的工作满意感、职业倦怠和工作绩效状况,采用纵向研究方法,借助于结构方程模型建构,以揭示其工作满意感、职业倦怠与工作绩效三者之间的关系。结果表明,(1)工作满意感对工作绩效存在显著的影响;(2)工作满意感通过职业倦怠中情感耗竭维度的中介作用影响教师的工作绩效;(3)职业倦怠中人格解体维度和成就感低落维度对工作绩效没有显著影响。     

Communal Orientation and Burnout Among Self-Help Group Leaders

To assess the relationship between burnout, communal orientation, and leaders' perceptions of balance in their relationships with group members 102 self-help group leaders were interviewed. Leaders had low to moderate levels of burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. As hypothesized, leaders' communal orientation was negatively related to the burnout subscales of depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Contrary to the study hypothesis, burnout was not related to balance. It was speculated that the salience of need-based norms in the group's helping relationships reduced expectations of reciprocity. The findings illustrate the usefulness of applying equity theory to studies of helping relationships within the setting of self-help groups.     

医护人员工作倦怠与A型人格、控制点的关系研究

通过对320名医护人员的调查,探讨工作倦怠与A型人格,控制点之间的关系。结果表明：(1)情绪疲惫、去人性化与A型人格、控制点存在显著正相关,个人成就感与控制点存在显著负相关。(2)A型人格、控制点对情绪疲惫,去人性化具有正向预测作用,控制点对个人成就感具有负向预测作用。(3)与B型人格相比．A型人格者的去人性化程度更高;与内控者相比,外控者工作倦怠程度更高。     

Born to burnout: A meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes

We quantitatively summarized the relationship between Five-Factor Model personality traits, job burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment), and absenteeism, turnover, and job performance. All five of the Five-Factor Model personality traits had multiple true score correlations of .57 with emotional exhaustion, .46 with depersonalization, and .52 with personal accomplishment. Also, all three dimensions of job burnout had multiple correlations of .23 with absenteeism, .33 with turnover, and .36 with job performance. Meta-analytic path modeling indicated that the sequential ordering of job burnout dimensions was contingent on the focal outcome, supporting three different models of the burnout process. Finally, job burnout partially mediated the relationships between Five-Factor Model personality traits and turnover and job performance while fully mediating the relationships with absenteeism.     

员工工作倦怠的发展模型:来自纵向研究的证据

采用Maslach工作倦怠量表对263名企业员工在一年时间内的三个等距时间点(T1,T2,T3)的工作倦怠进行测量,纵向研究中国文化背景下工作倦怠的发展规律,并比较工作倦怠发展的六种因果模型。研究结果表明,去人性化影响成就感降低,且这种影响具有跨时间一致性;但是情绪衰竭和去人性化相互影响的跨时间一致性较低,如T1情绪衰竭影响T2去人性化,但是T2情绪衰竭对T3去人性化的影响不显著;T1去人性化对T2情绪衰竭的影响不显著,但是T2去人性化影响T3情绪衰竭。去人性化在工作倦怠的发展中具有非常重要的作用。     

Burnout predictors among prison officers: The moderating effect of temperamental endurance

The study investigates whether work stressors, coping styles, and work-related social support predict burnout among prison officers (N = 476). It was hypothesized that coping and social support would mediate the effects of work stressors on burnout and that these effects would be moderated by temperamental endurance. Results of structural equation modeling showed that emotion-oriented coping was positively related to emotional exhaustion, and negatively to personal accomplishment. Task-oriented coping was positively related to personal accomplishment. Social support from work was negatively related to emotional exhaustion. The effects of work stressors on burnout were mediated by work-related social support and by emotion-oriented coping. Additionally, some of these mediating effects were moderated by endurance. Work-related social support was negatively related to depersonalization only among participants with strong endurance. High level of work stressors predicted high emotion-oriented coping only among individuals with weak endurance.     

小学教师核心自我评价、应对方式与工作倦怠的关系

采用核心自我评价量表、应对方式问卷、工作倦怠量表对广州市425名小学教师进行问卷调查,考察核心自我评价对小学教师工作倦怠的影响以及应对方式在其中所起的中介作用.结果表明:(1)核心自我评价对小学教师的情感耗竭、人格解体、成就感降低都具有显著的负向预测作用.(2)应对方式在核心自我评价对小学教师工作倦怠的影响中起着中介作用.其作用路径为:核心自我评价直接和通过积极应对和消极应对间接影响情感耗竭,核心自我评价通过积极应对和消极应对间接影响人格解体,核心自我评价直接和通过积极应对间接影响成就感降低.     

Components of Burnout,Resources, and Gender-Related Differences1

The present study examined gender-related differences in the ways social support and coping contribute to burnout, as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Specific hypotheses were made regarding relationships between antecedent conditions and MBI subscales, including emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. Respondents were teachers, and data from 2 waves (1 year apart) were examined. Using LISREL structural equation analyses, results were that in women, co-worker support led to lower emotional exhaustion, and in men, supervisor and co-worker support led to higher personal accomplishment. Higher levels of internal control were associated with greater accomplishment in men only. Results were discussed from a gender role perspective.     

Does role stress predict burnout over time among health care professionals?

Abstract The main objective of this study is to test the effects over time of three role stress variables (role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload) on the three burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment). Based on theoretical models on burnout and on meta-analytical research, it is hypothesized that the three role stress variables will predict changes over time in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, but not in personal accomplishment. The results obtained by means of hierarchical regression analysis partially support the hypothesis. The three role stress variables predict emotional exhaustion over time. Role conflict and role overload predict depersonalization over time. Finally, contrary to expectations, role ambiguity predicts personal accomplishment over time.     

Does role stress predict burnout over time among health care professionals?

Abstract

The main objective of this study is to test the effects over time of three role stress variables (role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload) on the three burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment). Based on theoretical models on burnout and on meta-analytical research, it is hypothesized that the three role stress variables will predict changes over time in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, but not in personal accomplishment. The results obtained by means of hierarchical regression analysis partially support the hypothesis. The three role stress variables predict emotional exhaustion over time. Role conflict and role overload predict depersonalization over time. Finally, contrary to expectations, role ambiguity predicts personal accomplishment over time.     

Adjusting to job demands: The role of work self-determination and job control in predicting burnout

This study examined the dynamic interplay among job demands, job control, and work self-determination in order to predict burnout dimensions. A three-way interaction effect was found between job demands, job control and work self-determination in predicting each dimension of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment). Overall, results showed that job control moderates the unhealthy effects of job demands in predicting emotional exhaustion and depersonalization only for employees with high levels of work self-determination. In addition, job control increases the relation between job demands and the sense of personal accomplishment only for employees with high levels of work self-determination. These results are discussed in light of the Job Demand-Control model.     

影响教师职业倦怠的多层变量之间的关系

采用问卷法调查了39所学校的370名小学教师,运用多层线性模型在个体和组织的不同层面上对影响教师职业倦怠的因素进行了探讨。结果发现:(1)教师集体效能越高,情感衰竭、低个人成就感和人格解体的得分就越低;校长越关心人,教师的人格解体得分就越高;(2)教师集体效能越高或校长越关心工作,则教师效能对情感衰竭的负向作用就越弱;而校长越关心人,则教师效能对情感衰竭的负向作用就越强;(3)教师集体效能对教师职业倦怠的影响不因教师性别和教龄的不同而不同,但校长领导行为对教师职业倦怠的影响却出现了性别和教龄的差异:关心工作导致了女性的个人成就感更低,对改善高教龄教师的低个人成就感更为有利,而关心人对改善低教龄教师的成就感、人格解体的帮助更大。     

Affect Generated by Social Comparisons Among Nurses High and Low in Burnout1

The affective consequences of social comparison were examined in 2 field studies among nurses and related to the 3 dimensions of professional burnout: emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. Study t was conducted in a sample of 99 nurses of a psychiatric hospital, and Study 2 in a sample of 237 nurses employed in various settings In general, upward comparisons evoked more positive and less negative affect than did downward comparisons. However, the affective consequences of social comparison were different for those high and low in burnout. Those low in personal accomplishment reported higher levels of negative affect from upward comparisons and higher levels of positive affect from downward comparisons than did those high in personal accomplishment. In addition, in Study 2, those high in depersonalization and emotional exhaustion derived more positive affect from downward comparisons than did those with lower levels of burnout.     

Social support as a buffer in the stress-burnout relationship

Since the burnout syndrome has a negative impact both on the individual affected and the institution in which he/she is employed, it is important to identify the factors which may alleviate the level of burnout. Social support is said to be one of such factors. Our study was undertaken to investigate the influence of social support in the workplace and general social support on relationships between global stress and stress related to role conflict, ambiguity, and overload and burnout components (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment). The subjects were 1,023 hospital nurses. The results indicate that burnout level correlates highly with organizational and global stress. The role of social support in determining the level of particular burnout components varied according to the type and scope of support. No reliable correlation was found between emotional exhaustion and social support of any type. The level of depersonalization was related only to general support whereas a personal accomplishment factor was related to both types of support. The study did not reveal a buffering effect of both types of social support on the relationships between stress and components of burnout.     

Sources of social support and burnout: a meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model

The Conservation of Resources (COR) model of burnout (Hobfoll & Freedy, 1993) suggests that resources are differentially related to burnout dimensions. In this paper, I provide a meta-analysis of the social support and burnout literature, finding that social support, as a resource, did not yield different relationships across the 3 burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment), challenging the COR model. However, when considering the source of the social support (work vs. nonwork) as a moderator, I found that work-related sources of social support, because of their more direct relationship to work demands, were more closely associated with exhaustion than depersonalization or personal accomplishment; the opposite pattern was found with nonwork sources of support. I discuss the implications of this finding in relation to the COR model and suggest future research directions to clarify the relationship between resources and burnout dimensions.     

Toward a process model of burnout: Results from a secondary analysis

In this article, causal relations among three dimensions of burnout, as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory, were examined. Three causal models were examined using data from five earlier published longitudinal studies. Models were fitted using structural equation modelling (SEM) with multi-group analysis. In the best fitting model, personal accomplishment synchronously influenced depersonalization and depersonalization on its turn synchronously influenced emotional exhaustion. Practical implications of this model for the prevention of burnout were suggested.     

职业压力、教学效能感与中小学教师职业倦怠的关系

以199名中小学教师为被试,采用典型相关研究的方法考察了职业压力、教学效能感与教师职业倦怠的关系。结果表明:(1)职业压力将导致中小学教师出现情绪衰竭和人格解体症状,职业压力越大,则职业倦怠的程度就越严重;(2)教师的教学效能感越低,则其情绪衰竭和人格解体的程度也将越严重;(3)教学效能感在职业压力与职业倦怠之间可能具有调节作用,高教学效能感可以改变职业压力的作用,减少"情绪衰竭"和"人格解体"的程度。     

Communal Orientation and the Burnout Syndrome Among Nurses1

In the present study, burnout symptoms (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment) were hypothesized to occur among male and female nurses who are low in communal orientation and feel they invest more in their relationships with patients than they receive in return. Communal orientation refers to the desire to give and receive benefits in response to the needs of and out of concern for others. Furthermore, it was expected that the perception of imbalance would be more strongly related to depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment among women than among men. The sample consisted of 194 full time working nurses (48.5% males, 51.5% females). Burnout was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The results show that the burnout syndrome is more widespread among: (a) subjects, particularly women, who perceive an imbalance in their relationships with patients; (b) subjects low in communal orientation; and (c) subjects who both perceive an imbalance and are low in communal orientation. The results are discussed in the context of theoretical and practical implications.     

教师工作倦怠研究综述

工作倦怠是在以人为服务对象的职业领域中,个体的一种情感耗竭、人格解体和个人成就降低的症状。该文对教师工作倦怠的原因及其影响因素进行了分析,最后,还对工作倦怠的测量和诊断问题进行了介绍。