试论戴震的语言哲学思想

本文着重考察戴震的语言哲学思想,认定他的语言哲学开创了中国哲学的新转向,形成了不同于宋明理学,甚至也不同于清初哲学形态的人文实证主义哲学思考方式.其语言哲学思想主要体现在四个方面:第一,区分了"指其实体实事之名"与"称夫纯美精好之名"的两类之名.第二,在讨论何者为"道"的哲学形上学问题时,首次引入语言学的句法分析,对古代汉语中谓语动词"之谓"与"谓之"在句子中的不同作用给出了明确的区分.第三,在批评宋明儒的思想同时,还引进了语词分析、句子意涵分析和文本中的言语脉络分析等具体的语言学技术性方法.第四,直接从文字训诂与语言分析入手来重新解释儒家经典的哲学意义,以语言学的实证方式追求哲学的形上之道.使其哲学既与宋明理学者从哲学思考路径出发来重新诠释儒家经典的致思方式不同,也与20世纪西方语言哲学拒斥形而上学的目标不同,从而形成了18世纪中国哲学的语言学转向的自身特点.     

儒、墨的互绌与互补——先秦儒、墨之间的学术批评

儒家和墨家是先秦诸子中的两个重要学派,他们从一开始就具有一种互绌互补的关系。这种互绌互补的关系主要表现为他们之间的学术批评与反批评。先秦墨家主要批评了儒家"以天鬼为不明""厚葬久丧""弦歌鼓舞"和"以命为有"等"四政焉";而先秦儒家则主要有公孟子对墨家"好辩自炫"的批评,孟子、荀子对墨家"兼爱"说的批评、孔鲋对墨家"非孔"的反诘、以及儒者董无心对墨者緾子"右鬼"说的批评等。先秦儒、墨相互之间的学术批评,也充分彰显了各自的思想特点和理论缺失。今天研究先秦儒、墨之间的学术批评,就是要站在客观公正的立场上,找到其学术思想的优缺点,然后加以批判、继承、融合、创新,使中华优秀的传统文化资源,为今天中华民族的伟大复兴作出更大的和更积极的贡献。     

儒家的修身思想及其方法述论

修身思想是儒家学说中的一个重要组成部分.历代儒家学者都特别注重道德教化,把修身作为实现人生价值和达到人格完善的重要手段和途径.在儒家的思想学说中,既有关于崇高完美的理想人格追求,又有一套通过修身而实现人格完善的理论和方法.尽管由于时代和历史的局限,其中不免存在着一些错误和缺陷,但其对于人的自身修养的强调,以及所提倡的修身方法,是有其合理因素的,对此我们应当遵循"去其糟粕、取其精华"的原则,批判地加以继承,这不论对人的自我完善,还是对社会道德建设都是十分必要的.     

唐前诗词中草木花卉的"比德"

儒家人文教化的一项核心内容,就是培养具有高尚道德情操的君子品格,这在一定程度上影响到中国人对自然事物的审美观照.在崇尚德性的儒者看来,自然山水及客观外物可视为人之品性的象征,于是就有了"君子比德"的说法,即用外物的自然属性来比拟道德人格.     

先秦儒家对诸子学派的学术批评

先秦儒家对诸子百家的学术批评,始于孔子对道家学派和儒家自身的批评;孔子也批评了早期法家、名家和"小说家"的某些思想因素。孔门"七十子"及其弟子的学术批评,基本发生在儒家内部,其中以子游、子夏、子张间的学术批评和世硕、宓子贱、漆雕开、公孙尼子之徒相与论性情,"皆言性有善有恶",影响最大。战国中后期儒家对先秦诸子的学术批评,除孟子对杨、墨和荀子对"十二子"的激烈批评之外,对诸子学派最著名的学术批评,是孔子七世孙孔穿对名家公孙龙的批评和孔子九世孙孔鲋及儒者董无心的"诘墨"等。先秦儒家对诸子百家的学术批评,反映了原始儒家的思想特点和价值取向,值得重视。     

周敦颐生死哲学探微

周敦颐的生死哲学主要由二部分构成,第一是生死态度:“今死矣,命也!”第二,生死观:“原始反终,故知死生之说”。周敦颐构筑了儒学之形上本体,又以阴阳五行之理贯之“天人”。这不仅为儒者之积极入世、道德践履的人生观奠定了坚实的基础,更从本根上确立了儒式的生死观。本文从对周敦颐生死思想的探讨进而对儒家的生死哲学进行反省,以期推动对中国哲学的思想探讨的深入。     

梁漱溟与杜威的生命哲学

梁漱溟把生命看作杜威教育哲学和实践哲学的核心观念,尝试用"生命哲学"来解读杜威教育哲学思想,把杜威解读为"生命哲学家".这一解读体现梁漱溟构思儒家"生命哲学"的努力.我们大致可以把杜威的"生命哲学"视为梁漱溟乡村建设理论及其儒家哲学的一个思想资源.梁漱溟批评了杜威对中国人的道德生命和生命本性缺乏深入的领会.梁漱溟对杜威"生命哲学"的解读可以看作为儒学与实用主义之间的一种跨文化对话.     

李二曲良知论研究——以《四书反身录》为主要文献基础的考察

二曲之学本于阳明,其良知论不仅立足于儒学道体、性体、心体名异实同的思维理路提出"良知即良心也,一点良心便是性"的命题,也侧重从阳明学注重道德本心的角度揭示"良知即明德","良知之外再无知","真知"与"闻见择识"、"外来填塞之知"的联系与区别。二曲强调"学贵敦本"和对良知本体的描绘,凸显了与宋明儒重视以"体认"为主要特征的理论路径的不同,并以学道原为"了心"、"放心"、"养心"作为其良知论的理论归宿,典型地展示了清初之际儒者对阳明心学的理解与继承。     

论贺麟的新儒者人格

贺麟根据其“新心学”的理论,为中国人的现代转化设计了既承接儒家传统,又具有现代职业精神的新型儒者形象。为此,贺麟论述了新儒者的人格基础、人格表现、人格态度和人格载体,认为新儒者应该是品学兼优、身心协调、充满向上精神的现代新人。这样的儒者不仅是社会使命的承担者,而且是中西文化优长的结合者。贺麟的新儒者人格是西方工具理性与...     

先秦纵横家对诸子学派的学术批评

先秦纵横家有自己的"学术",这种"学术"就是合纵、连横二派对对方思想行为的批评,和他们对其他诸子学派思想的继承与扬弃。纵横家对儒家仁、义、忠、信、孝、廉等核心的价值观念,对道家老子及黄老学派的思想、道家杨朱学派及其杨朱后学的思想,对墨家"非攻"的思想等,既有肯定,也有批评与否定。纵横家与法家的关系十分密切,他们对法家申、韩之学的肯定和赞扬,与一般史书上所谓申、商法家"刻暴寡恩"的评价尤其不同。先秦纵横家的思想理论,最终由《鬼谷子》一书进行总结与批评。《鬼谷子》从纵横权说的角度对儒、墨、名、法、阴阳诸家的思想学说进行全面的批评和扬弃,而对道家和阴阳家之阴阳对立转换的思想观点,则有更多的吸收和借鉴。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.