Social interactions between peromyscus leucopus and P. gossypinus in captivity

In evaluating the role of behavioral interactions in the maintenance of ecological and ethological isolation in sympatric populations of P. leucopus and P. gossypinus, the interspecific behavior of 94 animals in all possible sex pair combinations was observed in 84 staged dyadic trials of 15-minutes duration. Qualitatively the patterns of behavior differed little between sexes or species. Despite a high inter-individual variability and the high proportion of amicable interactions, the mean frequency of occurrence of aggressive behavior as well as the number of trials in which aggressive behavior occurred was greater in trials of animals from areas of range sympatry in comparison with those of the control animals from areas of range allopatry. Although the dominance relationships in many trials were unclear, gossypinus nonetheless consistently dominated leucopus. These data combined with examination of the habitats of these mice where their ranges do not overlap suggest that agonistic interactions may implement species integrity either primarily by Limiting or preventing the occupancy by leucopus of areas in which gossypinus occurs or secondarily by reducing the chances of pair bond formation.     

The development of territorial-induced intermale agonistic behavior in albino laboratory mice

Male mice of the CF-1 strain (Mus musculus) were allowed to take up lone residence in a small territory consisting of a 60-cm enclosure attached by a tubular runway to a standard mouse cage with food, water, and bedding. A group of ten mice, each of which resided in its own separate enclosure for 24 hours, were more aggressive toward intruders than other groups of ten mice following six-hour residence periods, or no such residence. Aggression toward intruders increased in repeated weekly tests of the six-hour residents, but after four weeks of testing did not reach the maximum stable level displayed by the 24-hour residents over four weeks of testing. In another experiment, the 24-hour residence period of groups of 20 CF-1 male mice was disturbed by briefly removing the mouse from the enclosure, before introducing the intruder, at various intervals prior to testing. Removal of the resident five minutes before testing resulted in a marked decrease in aggression toward intruders. Although lesser decreases in aggression followed intervals of 30, 45, and 60 minutes, a 180 minute interval resulted in no appreciable effects compared to undisturbed controls. It is concluded that exposure to the stimuli provided by the enclosure results in an aggressive readiness in the resident mouse which reaches a high level within a 24-hour period.     

Modulation of aggression toward an intruder during the reproductive cycle of white king pigeons (columba livia)

For three of four mated male pigeons, intrusion of a still, two-dimensional image of a conspecific into the reproductive situation initiated aggressive behavior over months of daily testing with little habituation. There was a transient increase in aggressive contacts against the head of the target within two days prior to or following the occurrence of the second egg. Such an increase did not occur with extended daily testing of the male alone and was more closely synchronized to egg laying than time since the introduction of the female. The results are consistent with previous studies of reproductive and schedule-induced aggression in birds.     

Towards a structural concept of agonism

The model presented attempts to describe the agonistic situation from the point of view of the individual, taking psychological, ecological, and ethological factors that can influence behavioral expression into account. The animal is considered as consisting of an “ego” and “soma,” these being conceptualized as concentric circles surrounding the gene carrier itself. The hierarchy of responses present to protect the gene carrier together with their motivatory causal factors and their energy expenditures are described and agonism considered as a means by which optimal inclusive fitness can be attained.     

攻击性驾驶行为的综合模型

攻击性驾驶行为的综合模型(a comprehensive model of driver aggression)将“挫折-攻击”模型与一般攻击性模型相结合, 提出个人因素与情境因素对心理过程具有交互作用, 阐明了认知评估、情绪唤醒对攻击性驾驶行为的影响机制。该模型能很好解释在道路冲突中, 驾驶员的攻击性持续升级的原因, 以及为什么在道路攻击性驾驶行为事件中, “肇事者”和“受害者”的角色模糊不清, 这有助于更好地确定攻击性驾驶行为对交通事故和道路安全的影响, 对攻击性驾驶行为的对策研究具有重要价值。