野外休闲的美德

A.利奥波德的土地伦理,作为环境美德伦理的一个实例,已经越来越受到关注。古典的对休闲的看法,最初在亚里士多德的《政治学》中表明,为检查野外休闲提供了一个好的出发点。利奥波德认为野外休闲是重要的,而且与他的土地伦理有关系。利奥波德对野外休闲的看法,集中在对生态学教育和对美德习惯的感知作用上。当野外休闲习惯于古典克制力的美德时,就变成了生态学道德心所必需的主要美德。野外休闲正是培养那些有智力的,以及优雅的感知和审慎所必需的科学美德。这种美德在好的公民身份与土地公民身份之间提供了诸种关系。     

The Virtues of Reactive Attitudes

The Journal of Value Inquiry -     

The Value of the Virtues

Direct theories of the virtues maintain that an explanation of why some virtuous trait counts as valuable should ultimately appeal to the value of its characteristic motive or aim. In this paper I argue that, if we take the idea of a direct approach to virtue theory seriously, we should favour a view according to which virtue involves knowledge. I raise problems for recent “agent-based” and “end-based” versions of the direct approach, show how my account proves preferable to these, and defend it against a number of objections.     

The Virtues of Feminist Empiricism

Despite the emergence of new forms of feminist empiricism, there continues to be resistance to the idea that feminist political commitment can be integral to hypothesis testing in science when that process adheres strictly to empiricist norms and is grounded in a realist conception of objectivity. I explore the virtues of such feminist empiricism, arguing that the resistance is, in large part, due to the lingering effects of positivism.     

The Full Unity of the Virtues

The classical doctrine that the moral virtues are unified is widely rejected. Some argue that the virtues are disunified, or even mutually incompatible. And though others have argued that the virtues form some sort of unity, these recent defenses of unity are always qualified, advocating only a partial unity: the unity of the virtues is limited to certain practical domains, or weak in that one virtue implies only moral decency in the fields of other virtues. I argue that something like the classical doctrine—a full unity of the virtues thesis—remains defensible. After reviewing the arguments of partial unity theorists for the claim that the virtues form at least some sort of unity, I examine their main arguments for thinking that this unity is only partial (limited or weak). I then show that these arguments fail, and address some further criticisms (such as the argument that full unity implausibly requires that a person must attain the virtues “all at once”). I do not seek here to prove the truth of the full unity thesis (in fact I suggest a modification of it), but only to refute important extant criticisms of it, and thus to show that it remains a plausible view.     

The Proper Structure of the Intellectual Virtues

If we adopt a virtue approach to epistemology, what form should the intellectual virtues take? In this paper, I argue that the proper structure of the intellectual virtues should be one that follows the tradition of internalism in epistemology. I begin by giving a general characterization of virtue epistemology and then define internalism within that framework. Arguing for internalism, I first consider the thought experiment of the new evil demon and show how externalist accounts of intellectual virtue, though constructed to accommodate our intuitions in such cases, cannot fully do so. I further argue that only adopting an internalist structure of the virtues will provide intellectual virtues that appropriately mirror the structure of the classical moral virtues. Finally, I argue that only an internalist structure of the virtues can explain why the intellectual virtues are valuable in themselves.     

The professional engineer: Virtues and learning

The ethical codes of the professional engineering bodies identify the responsibilities of the engineer. Of equal importance to the codes are the virtues which enable the engineer to fulfil these responsibilities. After briefly reviewing such virtues this paper argues that the systematic learning of virtues is possible in a formal way through learner centred learning. Central to this learning experience is the development of integrity which focuses the other major virtues and enables reflection upon them. A review of undergraduate courses suggests how this can be achieved. Rev’d. Dr. Simon Robinson is a lecturer in the Centre for Business and Professional Ethics at the University of Leeds.     

Rational Choice Virtues

In this essay, I review some results that suggest that rational choice theory has interesting things to say about the virtues. In particular, I argue that rational choice theory can show, first, the role of certain virtues in a game-theoretic analysis of norms. Secondly, that it is useful in the characterization of these virtues. Finally, I discuss how rational choice theory can be brought to bear upon the justification of these virtues by showing how they contribute to a flourishing life. I do this by discussing one particular example of a norm - the requirement that agents to honor their promises of mutual assistance - and one particular virtue, trustworthiness.     

偶像崇拜与中华民族传统道德生活

中国历史上的偶像崇拜经历了一个以物为崇拜对象的自然崇拜、图腾崇拜,到以人为对象的祖先崇拜、圣人崇拜、帝王崇拜,再到英雄崇拜、杰出人物崇拜、明星崇拜的过程。偶像崇拜与人类生活密切相关,本文主要通过梳理偶像崇拜的变迁来分析其对中华民族传统道德生活产生的深远影响。     

论公民美德

In accordance with the basic characteristics of civic virtues'political and public nature,this essay holds that civic virtues such as sense of justice,civility,tolerance,patriotism and public participation are essential to a modern democratic society. Sense of justice is the border of citizens'free movement; civility reflects citizens'attitudes,moderation and elegance are used to deal with strangers in public life; tolerance is a way of existence that citizens have in the face of the diversity resulted from...